Abstract：
:In 1975-1976, an experiment was performed at three sites of an HMO to investigate the effect of a protocol on drug prescribing for otitis media. A large and unexpected difference in encounter rates for otitis media was found among the sites. In the first 6 months of 1975, the rate of children less than 15 years with at least one encounter for otitis media at site EI was 155 per 1000 children, compared to 15 per 1000 at site EII. During the study period, most of the patients at site EII were black. The purpose of this paper is to alert readers to factors that affect the rates of disease in clinical practice, to encourage others to suggest reasons for the difference, and to encourage research. Several explanations were investigated to explain the differences: (1) miscoding; (2) age differences; (3) payment status; (4) diagnostic style; (5) differences in encounters per episode; and (6) social differences. Encounters of purulent otitis media were probably not systematically miscoded. The age distribution within the sites was almost identical. The difference in the encounter rates was even greater for children less than 15 years when only the enrolled population was examined. National incidence rates of otitis media showed rates for all ages for whites were 4.1% and for blacks 2.5%. The average number of encounters per episode was 1.4 at all of the study sites. Enrolled children at site EI had higher encounter rates for all reasons than children at site EII. Differences in diagnostic style may account for part of the difference in otitis media between the sites. Differences in encounter rates may also be due to real differences in disease occurrence between blacks and whites, differences in the perception of ear infection, and differences in the tendency to visit a physician for ear problems.
journal_name
Pediatr Resjournal_title
Pediatric researchauthors
Bush PJ,Rabin DLdoi
10.1203/00006450-198010000-00005subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1980-10-01 00:00:00pages
1115-7issue
10eissn
0031-3998issn
1530-0447journal_volume
14pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Nitric oxide plays a major role in vascular tone control. Increased blood levels of bradykinin (BK), which stimulates nitric oxide biosynthesis, occur at birth. BK effects on ductus arteriosus (DA) tone were investigated in fetal rabbit under fetal (2.5% O2 "low PO2") and neonatal (30% O2 "high PO2") conditions using ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199904010-00017
更新日期：1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Evidence is inconsistent or poorly understood for links between polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 1,1'-dichloro-2,2'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), and organophosphate (OP) pesticides and adverse pregnancy outcomes, although they are known developmental toxicants. We measured biomarkers of maternal exposure to DDE...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/pdr.0b013e31802d77f0
更新日期：2007-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An animal study to evaluate dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and spectroscopy for measurement of neonatal body composition was performed. Twenty-three piglets with body weights ranging from 848 to 7550 g were used. After measuring total body water, animals were killed and body...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199910000-00018
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is great interest in the regenerative potential of the neural stem cells and progenitors that populate the germinal zones of the immature brain. Studies using animal models of pediatric brain injuries have provided a clearer understanding of the responses of these progenitors to injury. In this review, we have c...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/pr.2017.261
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic variants of surfactant protein B (SP-B) have been associated with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in the prematurely born infant. We wished to determine linkage between RDS and SP-B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [-18 (A/C), 1013 (A/C), 1580 (C/T), and 9306 (A/G)] or SP-B-linked microsatellite [(D2...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/01.pdr.0000203145.48585.2c
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The pathogenesis of neonatal group B Streptococcus (GBS) lung infection may be associated with surfactant dysfunction or deficiency. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of surfactants on early postnatal GBS infection in ventilated newborn rabbit lungs. METHODS:A near-term newborn rabbit model was e...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41390-019-0421-9
更新日期：2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antibodies of restricted specificity have been identified in the human in response to certain antigens. The present study analyzed tetanus and diphtheria antitoxins isolated from selected human sera and suggested a restricted response in antibody production to each of these antigens. Purified antibodies from eight ser...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-197712000-00009
更新日期：1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Animal models have shown that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) may mediate protein-induced kidney growth. Our aim was to analyze the effect of IGF-I on protein-induced kidney growth in healthy infants. METHODS:This is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial that compared growth of infants fed with a ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1038/pr.2013.87
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The global burden of kidney disease is increasing, and several etiologies first begin in childhood. Risk factors for pediatric kidney disease are common in Africa, but data regarding its prevalence are lacking. We completed a systematic review of community-based studies describing the prevalence of proteinuria, hematu...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1038/pr.2014.189
更新日期：2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated early postnatal changes of the mesenteric circulation and its relationship to the systemic circulation in two groups of newborn infants. Group I (n = 10) was studied before the first feeding at 1 h and preprandially at 6 and 24 h. Group II (n = 10) was studied before the first feeding at 2 h of age and...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199409000-00011
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This investigation was undertaken to determine the nature of acute alterations in renal function following the production of hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and acidosis in newborn piglets 6-96 hr of age. After completion of the surgical procedure piglets were allowed to recover from the effects of anesthesia. When respirator...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-197803000-00013
更新日期：1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data are scant regarding the development of cerebrovascular autoregulation in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) newborns. We tested the hypothesis that IUGR improves the ability of neonates to withstand critical periods of gradual hemorrhagic hypotension by optimizing cerebrovascular autoregulation. Studies were c...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/01.PDR.0000139425.94975.77
更新日期：2004-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:In infants admitted to an ICU with respiratory failure, there is an association between the ratio of CD8+ to CD4+ T cells within the upper respiratory tract and disease severity. Whether this ratio is associated with respiratory disease severity within children presenting to a pediatric emergency department ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/s41390-021-01364-2
更新日期：2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Oxidant stress has been implicated as playing a role in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury. The objective of this study was to determine whether the xanthine oxidase/xanthine dehydrogenase enzyme system was involved in this oxidant stress. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with the xanthine oxidase inhi...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199809000-00022
更新日期：1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In view of the suggested relationship between substrate availability, fetal growth and circulating fetal IGF-I concentrations, we investigated the effect of maternal starvation on plasma IGF-I levels in the late gestation ovine fetus. Ten fetuses aged 125-130 d gestation were sampled daily from indwelling arterial cat...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199004000-00015
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies were designed to develop an animal model for the syndrome of hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis (HMA), and failure to thrive in infants due to intake of chloride-deficient formula. Littermate canine puppies, 2 wk old, were fed soy formula containing normal chloride, 20 mEq/liter (NC, n = 5), or low...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-198705000-00015
更新日期：1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The association between lung injury and thrombocytopenia was investigated by comparing the megakaryocyte and platelet counts, and platelet activation using P-selectin as a marker, between the prepulmonary (right atrial) and postpulmonary (left atrial) blood in adult and neonatal (preterm and term) rats with and withou...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/01.PDR.0000079186.86219.29
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Human milk was fractionated to obtain a partially purified growth factor preparation. The growth factor in this fraction, designated as human milk growth factor III, exhibits chromatographic and biological characteristics similar to epidermal growth factor-urogastrone. Pretreatment of mice with human milk growth facto...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-198509000-00009
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was undertaken to determine whether simultaneous activation of clotting, fibrinolysis, and kinin-kallikrein is associated with disease severity in preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), during the first 5 d of life. In the infants with severe RDS, we found activation of clotting,...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199701000-00019
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Liposomes can be used for the delivery of drugs in cancer chemotherapy. After i.v. injection liposomes are to a large extent taken up by the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS). When treating diseases in the MPS, such as the histiocytic syndromes, this property is of potential value for drug targeting and may lead to ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199507000-00002
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Adult human airway smooth muscle (ASM) produce cytokines involved in recruitment and survival of leukocytes within airway walls. Cytokine generation by adult ASM is glucocorticoid-sensitive. Whether developing lung ASM produces cytokines in a glucocorticoid-sensitive fashion is unknown. METHODS:Cultured fet...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1038/pr.2015.168
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preterm infants are more prone to bone mineral deficiency the lower their birth weight. To achieve the intrauterine bone mineral accretion rate postnatally, 74 low-birth-weight infants (median birth weight, 980 g; range 430-1.580 g) were each supplemented enterally and/or parenterally with calcium and/or phosphorus in...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199401000-00027
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Innate immunity and urinary tract response play a central role in the development of urinary tract infection (UTI). Heat shock protein (HSP) 72 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 are among the key elements of innate defence mechanisms. This study assesses the role of HSPA1B A(1267)G and TLR4 A(896)G polymorphisms using al...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/pdr.0b013e318030d1f4
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The ability of erythrocytes from newborn babies and adults to maintain reduced glutathione levels during oxidative stress was studied. In vitro incubation of erythrocytes with H2O2, with or without inactivation of catalase, caused a rapid depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) and concomitant accumulation of oxidized ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199210000-00006
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective was to determine in infants with perinatal depression whether the relative concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and lactate in the neonatal period are associated with (1) neurodevelopmental outcome at 30 mo of age or (2) deterioration in outcome from age 12 to 30 mo; and to determine whether socioeconomic...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-200207000-00014
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Topical emollient therapy may reduce the incidence of serious infections and mortality of preterm infants in developing countries. We tested whether emollient therapy reduced the burden of pathogens on skin and/or prevented bacterial translocation. Neonates <33 wk gestational age were randomized to treatment with sunf...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1203/pdr.0b013e3180459f75
更新日期：2007-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mother's milk represents a foundational step in the proper development of newborn immunity. This is achieved, in part, through the action of numerous regulatory proteins such as soluble cluster of differentiation 14 (sCD14) found in significant quantities in human milk (~25-50 μg/mL). In adults, CD14 stimulates cytoki...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/PDR.0b013e3181f70f21
更新日期：2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sex steroids accelerate bone maturation, but it is believed that estrogen action is needed for terminal epiphyseal fusion. In this study, we investigated the effects of a new estrogen-blocking agent, Faslodex (ICI 182,780), on estrogen-accelerated skeletal maturation in immature mice. On day-of-life 2 through 8, mice ...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199909000-00004
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Epithelial hyperplasia is an early feature of the renal and biliary lesions in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). To explore the cellular basis of this hyperplasia we isolated, cultured, and characterized biliary tract epithelium from common bile duct explants of mice with ARPKD (the BPK mouse) and...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/00006450-199506000-00014
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Functional disturbances in microcirculation in juvenile type 1 diabetes (T1D) are believed to underlie, in part, the later occurrence of cardiovascular complications. Some epidemiologic studies suggested greater risk of microvascular complications in those with T1D-risk genotypes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA). We i...
journal_title：Pediatric research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1203/PDR.0b013e318165bfd4
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
