An eight-alternative concurrent schedule: foraging in a radial maze.

abstract：:Pigeons were trained on multiple schedules in which responding on a center key produced matching-to-sample trials according to the same variable-interval 30-s schedules in both components. Matching trials consisted of a vertical or tilted line sample on the center key followed by vertical and tilted comparisons on the...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA,Milo J,Odum AL,Shahan TA

更新日期：2003-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons pecked a key and rats pressed a lever for food reinforcement under large values of the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule. Each subject was tested under 10 different schedule values ranging from 1 to 45 min and was exposed to each schedule value at least twice. The mean interresponse time and mean...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Richardson WK,Loughead TE

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Schedule-controlled lever pressing and schedule-induced licking were studied in rats under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Following acquisition of stable rates of pressing and licking, a multiple variable-time variable-time schedule of electric-shock delivery was superimposed ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hymowitz N

更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Small deviations from bilateral symmetry (fluctuating asymmetries) are cues to fitness differences in some animals. Therefore, researchers have considered whether animals use these small asymmetries as visual cues to determine appropriate behavioral responses (e.g., mate preferences). However, there have been few syst...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Swaddle JP,Johnson CW

更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight alligators were trained to escape heat by traversing an 8-ft runway containing right or left approaches to a water tank. All subjects were run until they had satisfied three criteria of stable response time, after which the predominant escape path was blocked, requiring discrimination reversal. Seven subjects ag...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davidson RS

更新日期：1966-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Is a conditioned aversive stimulus necessary in avoidance conditioning? Or is a reduction in the rate of aversive stimulation alone sufficient to generate and maintain an avoidance response? Rats were subjected to an avoidance procedure in which shocks occurred randomly in time, but a response could reduce the overall...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Herrnstein RJ,Hineline PN

更新日期：1966-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Recent research suggests that presenting time intervals as units (e.g., days) or as specific dates, can modulate the degree to which humans discount delayed outcomes. Another framing effect involves explicitly stating that choosing a smaller-sooner reward is mutually exclusive to receiving a larger-later reward, thus ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Naudé GP,Kaplan BA,Reed DD,Henley AJ,DiGennaro Reed FD

更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Behavior maintained by intravenously delivered alfentanil, cocaine, or ketamine was assessed using a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. As the dose of each drug was increased, rate of responding also increased up to a maximum. Further increases in dose resulted in decreased response rates (inverted U-shaped curve)...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Skjoldager P,Winger G,Woods JH

更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation bet...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lionello-DeNolf KM

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data were obtained with rats on the effects of interresponse time contingent reinforcement of the lever press response using schedules in which interresponse times falling within either of two temporal intervals could be reinforced. Some of the findings were (a) the mode of the interresponse time distribution generall...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Malott RW,Cumming WW

更新日期：1966-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Roger T. Kelleher, rightly known as one of the foremost contributors to behavioral pharmacology, also made many important contributions to the experimental analysis of behavior. He participated significantly in the development of the discipline, through both his research and his editorial contributions to thisjournal....

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Branch MN

更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments investigated conditions affecting the choice to cooperate or compete. Experiment I compared the effects first of an individual activity, then of a competitive task as an alternative to cooperation. For both comparisons, subjects could earn more by cooperating. Choice of competition, but not individua...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schmitt DR

更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Many adults engage in ultraviolet indoor tanning despite evidence of its association with skin cancer. The constellation of behaviors associated with ultraviolet indoor tanning is analogous to that in other behavioral addictions. Despite a growing literature on ultraviolet indoor tanning as an addiction, there remains...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Reed DD,Kaplan BA,Becirevic A,Roma PG,Hursh SR

更新日期：2016-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Preening in four pigeons was observed and recorded during operant level determinations, continuous and variable interval reinforcement, and extinction. The rate at which preening responses occur seems to be controlled by reinforcement in the same way as other operant behavior. Preening during VI reinforcement and exti...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： HOGAN JA

更新日期：1964-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When a response key is briefly illuminated before a grain reinforcer is presented, key pecking is reliably developed and maintained in pigeons, even if pecking prevents reinforcement (negative automaintenance). This experiment demonstrated that pigeons are sensitive to a negative response-reinforcer contingency, even ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schwartz B,Williams DR

更新日期：1972-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Classic matching theory, which is based on Herrnstein's (1961) original matching equation and includes the well-known quantitative law of effect, is almost certainly false. The theory is logically inconsistent with known experimental findings, and experiments have shown that its central constant-k assumption is not te...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ

更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a concurrent-chains procedure, pigeons chose between equivalent mixed and multiple fixed-interval schedules of reinforcement. In the first experiment, preference for the multiple schedule was higher when the probability of the shorter fixed interval was less than .50 than for complementary points, an outcome consis...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fantino E,Moore J

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A multiple schedule having both an appetitive and an avoidance component was maintained in two dogs to create a complex behavioral base line for observing the effects of chlorpromazine. Both soluble and "Spansule" chlorpromazine generated similar functions relating drug dose to measures of behavioral output. Although ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： WALLER MB,WALLER PF

更新日期：1962-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this study was to model hierarchical classification as contextually controlled, generalized relational responding or relational framing. In Experiment 1, a training procedure involving nonarbitrarily related multidimensional stimuli was used to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for 'memb...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Slattery B,Stewart I

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were trained to criterion in successive reversals of a classically conditioned heart-rate discrimination. Criterion was attained more rapidly in the later reversals in the series than in the early reversals and the inter-problem learning curve was of the same general form as that found with successive instrumenta...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Tighe TJ,Graves DM,Riley CA

更新日期：1968-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Shock-induced biting and threat by the male painted turtle (Chrysemys picta marginata) were studied in three experiments. When restrained facing each other, the turtles threatened and bit other turtles in response to electric shock. Shock alone caused turtles to threaten an unshocked turtle; the movements of a shocked...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Fraser D,Spigel IM

更新日期：1971-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats obtained food pellets on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement by nose poking a lighted key. After training to establish baseline performance (with the mean variable interval set at either 60, 120, or 240 s), the rats were given free access to food during the hour just before their daily session. This sat...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Shull RL

更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Where do equivalence relations come from? One possible answer is that they arise directly from the reinforcement contingency. That is to say, a reinforcement contingency produces two types of outcome: (a) 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or n-term units of analysis that are known, respectively, as operant reinforcement, simple discrim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sidman M

更新日期：2000-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superstitions were demonstrated with human subjects when presses on one button were reinforced on a VI 30-sec schedule while presses on a second were never reinforced. Superstitious responding, on the second button, was often maintained because presses on that button were frequently followed by reinforcement for a sub...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： CATANIA AC,CUTTS D

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Aversive shocks are known to produce aggression when the shocks are not dependent on behavior and to suppress behavior when the shocks are arranged as a dependent punisher. These two processes were studied by presenting non-dependent shock to monkeys at regular intervals, thereby producing biting attacks on a pneumati...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Azrin NH

更新日期：1970-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a two-key concurrent variable-interval schedule (using pigeons), if the reinforcement frequency for one response is held constant while that for the other is increased, the rate of response on the constant key decreases. The immediate reinforcement for key pecking can usually be conceptualized as the change from a ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Michael JL

更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Six male albino rats were placed in running wheels and exposed to a fixed-interval 30-s schedule of lever pressing that produced either a drop of sucrose solution or the opportunity to run for a fixed duration as reinforcers. Each reinforcer type was signaled by a different stimulus. In Experiment 1, the duration of r...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Belke TW,Hancock SD

更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twenty-three pigeons were subjected to a series of procedures in which the key-peck's effects ranged from immediate, differential food reinforcement, through delayed reinforcement, the production of stimulus changes with and without probable secondary reinforcement, the prevention of food presentation ("food-avoidance...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Herrnstein RJ,Loveland DH

更新日期：1972-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Carter and Werner recently reviewed the literature on conditional discrimination learning by pigeons, which consists of studies of matching-to-sample and oddity-from-sample. They also discussed three models of such learning: the "multiple-rule" model (learning of stimulus-specific relations), the "configuration" model...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schrier AM,Thompson CR

更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Previous experiments have demonstrated that presenting independently established discriminative stimuli in compound can substantially increase operant responding maintained by food reinforcement or shock avoidance. Recently, this phenomenon was also shown to occur with cocaine self-administration. The present study fu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Panlilio LV,Weiss SJ,Schindler CW

更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00