Behavior under large values of the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedule.

abstract：:In the first five or six sessions on a DRL 20-sec schedule of reinforcement there developed a stable performance characterized by a relatively constant conditional probability of occurrence (IRTs/op) of interresponse times (IRTs) of durations greater than 5 or 6 sec. Extinction and the level of deprivation changed bot...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： REYNOLDS GS

更新日期：1964-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Each of 2 monkeys typically earned their daily food ration by depositing tokens in one of two slots. Tokens deposited in one slot dropped into a bin where they were kept (token kept). Deposits to a second slot dropped into a bin where they could be obtained again (token returned). In Experiment 1, a fixed-ratio (FR) 5...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Widholm JJ,Silberberg A,Hursh SR,Imam AA,Warren-Boulton FR

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A value-like parameter is introduced into a rate equation for describing variable-interval performance. The equation, derived solely from formal considerations, expresses rate of responding as a joint function of rate of reinforcement and "reinforcer power." Preliminary tests of the rate equation show that it handles ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ,Kessel R

更新日期：1979-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A discrete-trials adjusting-delay procedure was used to investigate the conditions under which pigeons might show a preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement, an effect reported in a number of previous experiments. A peck on a red key always led to a delay with red houselights and then food. In each...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mazur JE

更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Much of the available literature on avoidance behavior is based on responses which require the animal to run, lever-press, or to make some active response to avoid noxious stimulation. The purpose of Experiment I reported in this paper was to determine whether animals can learn to sit or stand motionless in order to e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BINDRA D,ANCHEL H

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to peck with differing force requirements on a key specially designed to measure and control force of pecking without changes in the mechanical threshold. Following training on a key illuminated by a single wavelength, a generalization test was given. Force and rate gradients were obtained. Force ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： COLE JL

更新日期：1965-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study obtained quantitative data on the bodily orientations of rhesus monkeys in a delayed-response task and determined whether such orientations mediate the correct response in a choice trial. The basic task was a two-key chain schedule with the key leading to food signaled in the initial component. During the s...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kojima S

更新日期：1980-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were used to test the hypothesis that the source of reinforcement for observing behavior is the information that it provides concerning the schedule of primary reinforcement. On a variable-interval schedule, pecking the left-hand key produced a 30-sec display of such information. During this 30-sec period...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dinsmoor JA,Browne MP,Lawrence CE

更新日期：1972-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The ability of organisms to detect reinforcer-rate changes in choice preparations is positively related to two factors: the magnitude of the change in rate and the frequency with which rates change. Gallistel (2012) suggested similar rate-detection processes are responsible for decreases in responding during operant e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Craig AR,Shahan TA

更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Seven rats responding under fixed-ratio or variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement had continuous access to a drinking tube inserted into the operant chamber. Under different conditions they could drink either tap water or one of two saccharin solutions. In a baseline condition, the drinking bottle was empty. P...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Derenne A,Baron A

更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments investigated conditions affecting the choice to cooperate or compete. Experiment I compared the effects first of an individual activity, then of a competitive task as an alternative to cooperation. For both comparisons, subjects could earn more by cooperating. Choice of competition, but not individua...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Schmitt DR

更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four experiments were conducted with pigeons to assess the experimental conditions necessary for the occurrence of resurgence. The general procedure consisted of the following conditions: Condition 1--reinforcement of key pecking; Condition 2--reinforcement of treadle pressing and concurrent extinction of key pecking;...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lieving GA,Lattal KA

更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two pigeons were trained to peck a key under a free-operant avoidance schedule. Then, changes in key color signalled the beginning (safe period) and the end (warning period) of the response-shock interval, with a response required to change the key color. Finally, a change in key color signalled the warning period and...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： De Moraes AB,Todorov JC

更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The peak procedure was used to study temporal control in pigeons exposed to seven fixed-interval schedules ranging from 7.5 to 480 s. The focus was on behavior in individual intervals. Quantitative properties of temporal control depended on whether the aspect of behavior considered was initial pause duration, the poin...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Powell DG

更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments assessed the impact of sample duration on pigeons' delayed matching as a function of whether or not the samples themselves signaled how long they would remain on. When duration was uncorrelated with the sample appearing on each matching trial, the typical effect of duration was observed: Choice accur...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Urcuioli PJ,DeMarse TB,Lionello KM

更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When either a timeout period (darkening the response key) or a blackout period (darkening both chamber and response key) was alternated with a stimulus associated with variable-interval reinforcement, behavioral contrast was obtained. Either peck contrast or maintained contrast occurred, depending on whether or not re...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Sadowsky S

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were allowed to forage in a simulated natural environment made up of eight food sources (patches) each containing a fixed number of pellets. Two of the eight contained an extra supply of peanuts. The peanut patches were signaled by an olfactory/visual cue located at the bottom of the ladder leading to the patch. ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mellgren RL,Brown SW

更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A theory of attending and reinforcement in conditional discriminations is extended to working memory in delayed matching to sample by adding terms for disruption of attending during the retention interval. Like its predecessor, the theory assumes that reinforcers and disruptors affect the independent probabilities of ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA,Davison M,Odum AL,Shahan TA

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The relationship between positive and negative reinforcement and the symmetry of Thorndike's law of effect are unresolved issues in operant psychology. Here we show that, for a given pattern of responding on variable interval (VI) schedules with the same programmed rate of food rewards (positive reinforcement VI) or e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mallpress DE,Fawcett TW,McNamara JM,Houston AI

更新日期：2012-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Twelve preschool children participated in a study of the effects of explicit training on the imitation of modeled behavior. The responses trained involved a marble-dropping pattern that differed from the modeled pattern. Training consisted of physical prompts and verbal praise during a single session. No prompts or pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bondy AS

更新日期：1982-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A squirrel monkey was subjected to a fixed-interval pattern of reinforcement. During the course of each interval a bright white light was repeatedly presented. In the presence of the white light, a response was never immediately followed by food; the white light thus functioned as S(Delta). Responding was interrupted ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： DEWS PB

更新日期：1965-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Resurgence refers to the recurrence of an extinguished target behavior following subsequent suspension of alternative reinforcement. Delivery of reinforcers during extinction of alternative behavior has been shown to mitigate resurgence. The present experiment aimed to determine whether delivering stimuli associated w...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Craig AR,Browning KO,Shahan TA

更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Behavior is a property of living organisms, not of inanimate matter. The problems of physical science are to understand how a phenomenon works; biological science adds the questions of what a phenomenon does and how something that does such things came to be. Exclusive dedication to cause-effect explanations ignores h...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD

更新日期：1992-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observing behavior of two squirrel monkeys was examined under a multiple schedule of four components. Lever (observing) responses produced either a stimulus indicating the availability of food or another stimulus indicating food was not available. Key responses in the presence of the food-available stimulus produced f...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： De Lorge JO,Clark FC

更新日期：1971-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments used pigeons in an autoshaping procedure and a single-subject design to examine compound stimulus control in classical conditioning. Experiment 1 examined the blocking effect, and Experiment 2 examined the unblocking effect. In both experiments, response-independent food was first delivered intermitt...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Khallad Y,Moore J

更新日期：1996-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Comparison was made of two methods for training monkeys to "observe" a two-member serial position sequence by pressing two consecutively lighted keys and then to "report" the sequence by pressing the same two keys in the same order but without the lights. A fading technique involving gradual elimination of brightness ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mackay HA,Brown SM

更新日期：1971-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three groups of pigeons were trained on a red-green discrimination in which the stimuli were alternately presented in a multiple schedule of reinforcement. The discrimination was reversed 24 times. Groups were given 1, 2, or 4 hr of training on each discrimination. Increasing the length of training had two principal e...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Beale IL

更新日期：1970-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight rats' lever presses were reinforced after an interruption in a tone, provided the lever had not been pressed before the tone interruption. After a few sessions, long before the animals reliably refrained from lever pressing before the interruption, the latencies of postinterruption presses (time from the termina...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Eisler H

更新日期：1984-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Observer monkeys were housed next to demonstrator monkeys that were conditioned to respond on a multiple reinforcement schedule whose components were fixed-ratio 32, variable-interval 3-min, and extinction 5-min followed by an additional 30 sec of extinction during which every response started a new 30-sec interval. A...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Myers WA

更新日期：1970-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to respond in a two-link, concurrent-chain schedule. Pecks on each key during the concurrent initial links occasionally produced a 5-min terminal link, during which only that key was operative. Food reinforcement and various intensities of shock were scheduled during the terminal links. When shock...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rachlin H

更新日期：1967-01-01 00:00:00