Abstract：
:Melatonin is a neuroendocrine hormone which is currently receiving considerable attention as a treatment for jet lag, a treatment for insomnia and, by some, a possible "magic bullet" for delaying the effects of aging and preventing cancer. Production of melatonin is focused primarily in the pineal gland with very wide daily shifts in production controlled by the day/night cycle. The potential for increased disease as a consequence of lower or higher than average production of this hormone has not been well studied, although potential environmental agents may modulate circulating levels (e.g., electric and magnetic fields). In this manuscript, a physiologically realistic mathematical model for the production, distribution, and metabolism of melatonin is developed as a precursor to a future study of the role of chemicals and environmental agents in altering this system. Values for key aspects of the system (e.g., diurnal rates of production of the hormone in the pineal gland) were obtained from the literature and the model was validated against data on circulating levels. The mathematical equations and model parameters are presented.
journal_name
Toxicol Appl Pharmacoljournal_title
Toxicology and applied pharmacologyauthors
Blumenthal GM,Kohn MC,Portier CJdoi
10.1006/taap.1997.8247subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-11-01 00:00:00pages
83-92issue
1eissn
0041-008Xissn
1096-0333pii
S0041-008X(97)98247-8journal_volume
147pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The effects of oral exposure to 0, 5, and 25 mg/kg body wt vomitoxin (VT) on cytokine mRNA levels in spleen, Peyer's patches (PP), liver, kidney, and small intestine were evaluated in B6C3F1 mice at 2 and 4 hr postexposure using RT-PCR in conjunction with Southern hybridization analysis. The abundance of mRNAs for sev...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1995.1132
更新日期：1995-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The disappearance rate of renin from plasma was evaluated in both acutely and chronically lead-exposed rabbits. In addition, the effects of lead (Pb) on in vitro renin secretion were determined with rabbit renal cortical slices. Rabbits acutely exposed to Pb (0.3 to 2.0 mg/kg, iv) demonstrated no increase in plasma re...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90127-8
更新日期：1983-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic is an environmental toxicant and carcinogen. Exposure to arsenic is associated with development of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension through ill defined mechanisms. We evaluated hepatic fibrogenesis after long term arsenic exposure in a murine model. BALB/c mice were exposed to arsenic by daily gavages of...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.016
更新日期：2011-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Tolerance to several toxic effects of Cd, including lethality, has been shown following pretreatment with Cd. This study was designed to determine if tolerance also develops to Cd-induced hepatotoxicity. Rats were challenged with Cd (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 mg/kg, iv) 24 hr after pretreatment with saline (2 ml/kg, sc) o...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(84)90283-7
更新日期：1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Exposure to excessive manganese (Mn) levels leads to neurotoxicity, referred to as manganism, which resembles Parkinson's disease (PD). Manganism is caused by neuronal injury in both cortical and subcortical regions, particularly in the basal ganglia. The basis for the selective neurotoxicity of Mn is not yet fully un...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2011.06.001
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although piperonyl butoxide (PBO) is commonly used both in vivo and in vitro as an inhibitor of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase (MO) activity in a wide variety of species, the effect of PBO on the hepatic MO of fishes has never been characterized. The MO activity in hepatic microsomes from rainbow trout expos...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(88)90331-6
更新日期：1988-06-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Drug-induced steatohepatitis is a rare form of liver injury known to be caused by only a handful of compounds. These compounds stimulate the development of steatohepatitis through their toxicity to hepatocyte mitochondria; inhibition of beta-oxidation, mitochondrial respiration, and/or oxidative phosphorylation. Other...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.022
更新日期：2015-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Emerging evidence suggests that feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) to rodents affects the expression of genes involved in drug transport. However, gender-specific effects of HFD on drug transport are not known. The multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2, Abcc2) is a transporter highly expressed in the hepatocyte c...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.04.001
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Environmental risk assessment requires models for estimating the bioaccumulation of untested compounds. So far, bioaccumulation models have focused on lipophilic compounds, and only a few have included hydrophilic compounds. Our aim was to extend an existing bioaccumulation model to estimate the oral uptake efficiency...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.015
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Juvenile rats have been reported to be more sensitive to the acute neurotoxic effects of the pyrethroid deltamethrin than adults. While toxicokinetic differences between juveniles and adults are documented, toxicodynamic differences have not been examined. Voltage-gated sodium channels, the primary targets of pyrethro...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.017
更新日期：2008-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Nanotechnology is an emerging industry based on commercialization of materials with one or more dimensions of 100 nm or less. Engineered nanomaterials are currently incorporated into thin films, porous materials, liquid suspensions, or filler/matrix nanocomposites with future applications predicted in energy and catal...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.027
更新日期：2018-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanism of action of Cd on Na,K-ATPase was investigated in two "classical" model systems, the shark rectal gland and rabbit kidney outer medulla. In lyophilized plasma membranes from dogfish rectal gland Cd inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity after 30 min of preincubation with an I50 of 1.3 x 10(-5) M. K-Dependent p-...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1993.1124
更新日期：1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) are transcription factors that express Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) DNA-binding motifs and mediate the metabolism of drugs and environmental toxins in the liver. Because these transcription factors interact with other PAS genes in molecular feedback loops f...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2008.10.016
更新日期：2009-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several novel mechanistic findings regarding to arsenic's pathogenesis has been reported and some of them suggest that the etiology of some arsenic induced diseases are due in part to heritable changes to the genome via epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation, histone maintenance, and mRNA expression. Recently, w...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2017.06.001
更新日期：2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is assuming prominence in developmental genetics research. By comparison, little is known of tumorigenesis and nothing is known of carcinogen metabolism in this species. This study evaluated the ability of zebrafish to metabolize a well-characterized human carcinogen, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), t...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1996.8058
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We investigated the relative contribution of several cardiorespiratory components to acute lethality produced by N-methylcarbamate cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors physostigmine, 2-sec-butylphenyl methylcarbamate (BPMC), and 2-isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate (PHC) in halothane-anesthetized rabbits. Intravenous injecti...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2000.8924
更新日期：2000-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats received one or two consecutive daily ip injections, each 0.5 mg Pb2+/100 g body weight, and the kidneys were studied 48 or 24 hr, respectively, after the injection. Renal brush border preparations from Pb2+-treated rats exhibited significant decreases in the activity of alanine aminopeptidase and gamma-glutamyl ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90224-7
更新日期：1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The disposition of 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran (PeCDF), a highly toxic environmental contaminant which accumulates in human tissues, was examined in the male Fischer rat after iv and oral exposure. Greater than 70% of an oral dose of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mumol PeCDF/kg body wt was absorbed by the gastrointestinal sy...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(87)90332-2
更新日期：1987-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The disposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its metabolites was studied in mice after iv treatment. In addition, disposition of [3H]DFP in selected tissues was correlated with cholinesterase activity and spontaneous activity following DFP treatment. Within 1 min of administration [3H]DFP had penetrated...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(85)90327-8
更新日期：1985-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Motor neuron disease is a devastating neurodegenerative condition, with the majority of sporadic, non-familial cases being of unknown etiology. Several epidemiological studies have suggested that occupational exposure to chemicals may be associated with disease pathogenesis. We report the case of a patient developing ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.022
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous reports from our laboratory indicated that prophylactic protection against cyanide intoxication in mice can be enhanced by administration of chlorpromazine when it is given with sodium thiosulfate. The mechanism of potentiation of sodium thiosulfate by chlorpromazine was studied alone and in combination with ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(83)90028-5
更新日期：1983-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The metabolism of CCl(4) initiates the peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids producing alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA). The facile reactivity of these electrophilic aldehydic products suggests they play a role in the toxicity of compounds like CCl(4). ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1999.8788
更新日期：1999-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The direct-acting mutagenicity of 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), a tumorigenic environmental pollutant and model nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, was studied in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Previous reports indicated that 1-NP, a potent direct-acting mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium, was mutagenic in CHO cells only...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(91)90016-8
更新日期：1991-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Metabonomics is the evaluation of the multiparametric metabolic response of biological systems to pathophysiological stimuli. High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of biofluids coupled with pattern recognition-based chemometric analysis is an emerging approach to the study of metabonomics and m...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The physiologically based dosimetry description for acrylonitrile (ACN) and its mutagenic epoxide metabolite 2-cyanoethylene oxide (CEO) in F-344 rats (M. L. Gargas, M. E. Anderson, S.K.O. Teo, R. Batra, T. R. Fennell, and G. L. Kedderis, 1995, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 134, 185-194) has been refined to include a phys...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.1996.0239
更新日期：1996-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:To elucidate the underlying mechanisms in oxidative stress-related airway remodeling observed in chronic inflammatory pulmonary diseases such as asthma, we studied the effects of a thiol antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG-1478, and tyr...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1006/taap.2002.9514
更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In utero bisphenol A (BPA) exposure affects reproductive function in the first generation (F1) of mice; however, not many studies have examined the reproductive effects of BPA exposure on subsequent generations. In this study, pregnant mice (F0) were orally dosed with vehicle, BPA (0.5, 20, and 50 μg/kg/day) or diethy...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.003
更新日期：2015-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Arsenic is an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of patients with refractory or relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. The use of arsenic for treating solid tumors, particularly in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, has been extensively studied. Here, we report that arsenite-resistant human lun...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.004
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were exposed to saline or cadmium chloride (CdCl2) at 25, 100, or 400 micrograms/kg body weight by intratracheal instillation. At 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after exposure five animals/treatment were euthanized, the lungs were lavaged, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0041-008x(92)90141-e
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice lacking the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione (GSH) synthesis, have decreased tissue GSH. We previously showed that Gclm-/- embryos have increased sensitivity to the prenatal in vivo ovarian toxicity of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene ...
journal_title：Toxicology and applied pharmacology
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.024
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
