Abstract：
:Both hereditary and environmental factors influence the risk of cancer. Four risk categories, or oncodemes, can exist for a particular kind of cancer, depending upon the presence of neither, one, or both factors: (1) spontaneous, or background; (2) hereditary; (3) environmental; (4) interactive. In the second, mutation imparts a high relative risk, but a generally low attributable risk; in the fourth, the opposite obtains. The second oncodeme contains genes that are also important for the non-hereditary forms of the same cancer. Probably all forms of cancer exist in a dominantly heritable form. Most of the genes are tumor suppressors, although a few are oncogenes or DNA repair genes. The mutations are in most, if not all cases, maintained in a population by an equilibrium between mutation and selection. Most of the cloned genes are expressed widely among tissues, yet there is typically some tumor specificity. Somatic mutations in second alleles at the relevant loci are necessary, but generally not sufficient for carcinogenesis, although they, in some instances, lead to the formation of benign precursor lesions. Further events are necessary for carcinogenesis. This is particularly true for carcinomas. The benign lesions appear to involve an increase in number of long-lived cells that can accumulate other mutations. For some tumors, physiologic events, such as tissue growth at puberty or proliferation of embryonic stem cells, may produce this effect. Mutations of DNA mismatch repair genes underscore the effect that changes in somatic mutation rates can have, especially in the risk for multi-event carcinomas. Conversely, these are the tumors that offer the greatest opportunity for prevention.
journal_name
Ann N Y Acad Scijournal_title
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciencesauthors
Knudson AGdoi
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48593.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-12-29 00:00:00pages
58-67eissn
0077-8923issn
1749-6632journal_volume
833pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Previous studies, which included predominantly Caucasian populations, examined psychiatric and physical illness and associated suicide risk. We used a nationwide database to reassess the findings in an Asian population, and also analyzed the influence of different onset timing of psychiatric and physical illness and t...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/nyas.14216
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Seleno-glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) is considered to be the major enzymatic activity in charge of removing excess cytosolic and mitochondrial H2O2 in most tissues including brain. Intracellular GSHPx activity is therefore hypothesized to be one important factor that contributes to minimize hydroxyl radical formation...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21795.x
更新日期：1994-11-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Legally, women, Native Americans, and African-Americans were defined by the American Constitution as inferior. The pragmatists gradually showed that all selves are equal. These ideas helped the minorities to attain nearly full legal status. But economic status is going in the other direction, toward inequality. It thr...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06191.x
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Preeclampsia is the disorder of pregnancy with the highest rate of both maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The maternal syndrome is characterized by oxidative stress and activation of the vascular endothelium that may originate from placental release of lipid peroxidation products, cytokines, and micropart...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1331.024
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the present study we analyzed the morphology of testes and efferent ducts as well as the localization of androgen receptors (AR) in the tissues of XY, YY, and XX male rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Testes of the XX trout differed distinctly from those of XY and YY males; the interstitial space was very ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03663.x
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite a globally uniform increase in the concentrations of emitted greenhouse gases, radiatively forced surface warming can have significant spatial variations. These define warming patterns that depend on preexisting climate states and through atmospheric and oceanic dynamics can drive changes of the hydrological c...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/nyas.14335
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Modern contraceptive methods represent more than a technical advance: they are the instrument of a true social revolution-the "first reproductive revolution" in the history of humanity, an achievement of the second part of the 20th century, when modern, effective methods became available. Today a great diversity of te...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1365.002
更新日期：2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In two series of antiarrhythmic drugs tested, as the octanol/water partition coefficient increases so do the following: elimination from the body by biotransformation, first-pass biotransformation in the liver and gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, protein binding to some extent, and penetration into br...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14507.x
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Br-type neuron of the snail Helix pomatia, involved in neuronal regulation of various homeostatic and adaptive mechanisms, represents an interesting model for studying effects of temperature change on neuronal activity of poikilotherms. Acetylcholine induces a transient, inward dose-dependent current in the identi...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1342.036
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The objective of this study was to visualize androgen receptors (ARs) in the testis, epididymis, and prostate of the stallion by means of immunohistochemistry. Nuclear immunostaining was found in all somatic cells in the testis--Leydig, Sertoli, and peritubular myoid cells; in both types of epithelial cells of the epi...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1327.030
更新日期：2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Odorant signals are detected by binding of odor molecules to odorant receptors. These belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. They in turn couple to G proteins, most of which induce cAMP production. This second messenger activates ion channels to depolarize the olfactory sensory neuron, thus providing a signa...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04101.x
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We propose a model for signaling events induced by fluid shear stress that incorporates many of the features discussed in this paper (FIG. 4). First, heterotrimeric G-proteins, as well as a small G-proteins, are activated by flow. Indeed, a G protein appears to be required for ERK1/2 activation by flow because ERK1/2 ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51984.x
更新日期：1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:While the study of nationalism has received much attention throughout the social sciences and humanities, the experimental investigation of it lags behind. In this paper we review recent advances in the examination of implicit nationalism. In the first set of experiments we survey, the Palestinian, Israeli, Italian, a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04734.x
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aromatase cytochrome P450, the key enzyme of estrogen biosynthesis from androgens, is encoded by CYP19. Its structure shows some peculiarities: exons II to X encode the protein, while multiple alternative exons I encode unique 5'-untranslated regions of the aromatase mRNA transcripts. Immunohistochemistry studies in t...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1317.028
更新日期：2006-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An 8-year follow-up of Ceravital middle ear prostheses showed there was extremely good tolerance in the middle ear space. Incompatibility phenomena were not observed, and inflammatory reactions were neither caused nor supported by the implants. The tympanoplasties were always performed without interposition of cartila...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38504.x
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is currently a procedure that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, the clinical application of this technique is limited to the treatment of life-threatening hematopoietic malignancies. The morbidity and mortality of BMT is mainly related to graft-versus-host disease...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08482.x
更新日期：1999-04-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Thus, it can be shown that highly theoretical experiments carried out to evaluate the electrochemistry of thrombosis can also be shown to have significance in the generation of new products, which relates the scientific findings to successful modern prosthesis and medically useful devices. ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb35212.x
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR-1 form a subfamily (the NR4A/Nur subfamily) of transcription factors belonging to the family of nuclear receptors. In this report, we characterized the single member of such a subfamily in the amphioxus Branchiostoma floridae. Developmental expression analysis of AmphiNR4A showed transcripts limi...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03648.x
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The hyperactivation of glutamate receptors, especially those of the N-methyl-d-aspartate subtype (NMDA), can induce excess calcium entry into cells, leading to neuronal death. Since the anesthetic gas xenon behaves as an NMDA antagonist, the present article investigated, by distinct morphological approaches and after ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1369.063
更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The in vitro lethal activity of two Bacillus thuringiensis strains (IB-16 and IB-61) against Haemonchus contortus histotropic fourth stage larvae (L(4)) was evaluated. Each B. thuringiensis strain was used as soluble proteins at different concentrations. In addition, the in vitro lethal dose (LD(50)) of each strain wa...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1428.077
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The emission factors for indoor straw combustion are a major data gap for estimating the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions in China. The emission factors for open-fire straw burning were borrowed from our previous study and a rough estimate was developed. As one of the most important emission sources in ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1454.006
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The extensive literature and the work from our laboratory illustrate the large number of complex processes affected by estrogen that might contribute to the striking ability of 17-beta estradiol (E2) and its derivatives to inhibit clinical and histological signs of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mi...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1196/annals.1386.021
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Multiple subsets of nociceptive, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nerves innervate human nasal mucosa. These play carefully coordinated roles in regulating glandular, vascular, and other processes. These functions are vital for cleaning and humidifying ambient air before it is inhaled into the lungs. The recent identi...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04481.x
更新日期：2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mice with experimental neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), induced by anti-ribosomal-P antibodies, developed depression-like behavior and a diminished sense of smell. Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) allows in vivo mapping of functional neuronal connections in the brain, including the olfactory tract. The aim of this study ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05302.x
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclosporin A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug commonly given to transplant patients. Its application is accompanied by severe side effects related to calcium, among them hypertension and nephrotoxicity. The Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) is a major calcium regulator expressed in the surface membrane of all excitable and ...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1387.046
更新日期：2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The behavior of sadists is bizarre and poorly understood. There are gross endocrine and brain abnormalities in a small number of these men. Approximately two-fifths show subtle temporal lobe brain abnormalities that are logically linked to sexual behavior and require further exploration. It would be interesting to exp...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb50859.x
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The key pathologic mechanism in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the destruction of cartilage by fibroblasts. In a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse model, this process can be modulated by gene transfer using invasive LS48 fibroblasts. This study aims to investigate the effect of interleukins (IL) -11 and -12 o...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1361.070
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Throughout this century in the United States, tension has existed between those who believe drug abuse is best combatted through the criminal justice system and those who emphasize a medical/public health model of prevention and treatment. In the last decade this debate has centered around the person of the pregnant a...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-06-21 00:00:00
abstract：:A variety of chemical compounds are currently being discussed as novel drug delivery strategies. One promising strategy is to selectively open the paracellular pathway of epithelia for the passage of macromolecules. A prerequisite for this effect is a rapid and reversible action of these compounds, to allow a marked t...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06562.x
更新日期：2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) is a model mitochondrial inhibitor that causes selective neurodegeneration in brain. 3-NPA-induced neurodegeneration occurs via a secondary neurotoxicity, caused initially by ATP depletion and redox changes in the cell. It is known that the hippocampal degeneration caused by mitochondrial...
journal_title：Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1196/annals.1344.014
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
