Abstract：
:Evolution of the mammalian sex chromosomes heavily impacts on the expression of X-encoded genes, both in marsupials and placental mammals. The loss of genes from the Y chromosome forced a two-fold upregulation of dose sensitive X-linked homologues. As a corollary, female cells would experience a lethal dose of X-linked genes, if this upregulation was not counteracted by evolution of X chromosome inactivation (XCI) that allows for only one active X chromosome per diploid genome. Marsupials rely on imprinted XCI, which inactivates always the paternally inherited X chromosome. In placental mammals, random XCI (rXCI) is the predominant form, inactivating either the maternal or paternal X. In this review, we discuss recent new insights in the regulation of XCI. Based on these findings, we propose an X inactivation center (Xic), composed of a cis-Xic and trans-Xic that encompass all elements and factors acting to control rXCI either in cis or in trans. We also highlight that XCI may have evolved from a very small nucleation site on the X chromosome in the vicinity of the Sox3 gene. Finally, we discuss the possible evolutionary road maps that resulted in imprinted XCI and rXCI as observed in present day mammals.
journal_name
Curr Opin Cell Bioljournal_title
Current opinion in cell biologyauthors
Gribnau J,Grootegoed JAdoi
10.1016/j.ceb.2012.02.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2012-06-01 00:00:00pages
397-404issue
3eissn
0955-0674issn
1879-0410pii
S0955-0674(12)00026-9journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:The spatial separation of nuclear transcription and cytoplasmic translation in eukaryotic cells implies that mRNAs have to travel. On their journey, proteins involved in the various steps of transcript formation, processing and transport dynamically interact with mRNAs to form diverse messenger ribonucleoprotein compl...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2005.04.007
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that connect the extracellular matrix environment to the actin cytoskeleton via adaptor molecules through assembly of a range of adhesion structures. Recent advances in biochemical, imaging and biophysical methods have enabled a deeper understanding of integrin signa...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2019.12.008
更新日期：2020-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several recently discovered mammalian cell adhesion proteins recognize and bind to sialic acid-containing ligands. Reports concerning the molecular specificities of these interactions have been intriguing but somewhat confusing, partly because of pitfalls in methodology or interpretation. Nevertheless, these protein-c...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0955-0674(92)90041-a
更新日期：1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular microtubules are mosaic polymers assembled from multiple αβ-tubulin isoforms bearing chemically diverse posttranslational modifications. This tubulin diversity constitutes a combinatorial code that regulates microtubule interactions with cellular effectors and alters their intrinsic dynamic and mechanical pro...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2018.10.009
更新日期：2019-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the time of this writing, searching Google Scholar for 'light-sheet microscopy' returns almost 8500 results; over three-quarters of which were published in the last 5 years alone. Searching for other advanced imaging methods in the last 5 years yields similar results: 'super-resolution microscopy' (>16 000), 'singl...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2020.04.008
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Secretion of proteins across the bacterial outer membrane takes place via a variety of mechanisms from simple one-component systems to complex multicomponent pathways. Secretion pathways can be organized into evolutionarily and functionally related groups, which highlight their relationship with organelle biogenesis. ...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00111-3
更新日期：2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The nuclear pore complex (NPC) has long been viewed as a point-like entry and exit channel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. New data support a different view whereby the complex displays distinct spatial dynamics of variable duration ranging from milliseconds to events spanning the entire cell cycle. Discrete in...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2011.11.011
更新日期：2012-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The cerebral cortex is composed of hundreds of different types of neurons, which underlie its ability to perform highly complex neural processes. How cortical neurons are generated during development constitutes a major challenge in developmental neurosciences with important implications for brain repair and diseases....
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2012.01.010
更新日期：2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cell polarization is critical for lineage segregation and morphogenesis during mammalian embryogenesis. However, the processes and mechanisms that establish cell polarity in the mammalian embryo are not well understood. Recent studies suggest that unique regulatory mechanisms are deployed by the mouse embryo to establ...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2019.11.005
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein splicing is a series of enzymatic events involving intramolecular protein breakage, rejoining and intron homing, in which introns are able to promote the recombinative transposition of their own coding sequences. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic spliced proteins have conserved similar gene structure, but little amin...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0955-0674(93)90079-6
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Through selective disruption of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity and the use of green fluorescent protein tagged derivatives of domains capable of specifically binding the lipid products of PI3Ks in vivo, it has been shown that this family of signalling enzymes have vital and distinct roles in chemotaxis, pha...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(02)00311-3
更新日期：2002-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1990 has been a year of continued exciting developments in cell cycle control. Progress has occurred in delineating the mechanism of activation of maturation-promoting factor during entry into mitosis and the mechanism of cyclin degradation responsible for exit from mitosis. Notable advances have also occurred in our ...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0955-0674(91)90151-n
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Macropinocytosis is increasingly recognized for its versatile adaptations and functions as a highly conserved, ubiquitous pathway for the bulk uptake of fluid, particulate cargo, and membranes. Innate immune cells and transformed cancer cells share the capacity for both constitutive and induced macropinocytosis, which...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.005
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:There is a growing appreciation that metabolic signals are integrated and coupled to cell cycle progression. However, the molecular wiring that connects nutrient availability, biosynthetic intermediates and energetic balance to the core cell cycle machinery remains incompletely understood. In this review, we explore t...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2013.07.002
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several lines of evidence indicate that the lipids in the plasma membrane of animal cells are inhomogeneously distributed, and that various types of specialized lipid domains play an important role in many biological processes. The characteristics of these domains, such as size, composition and dynamics, are currently...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(02)00351-4
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A hallmark of polarity in most migrating cells is the orientation of the nuclear centrosomal (NC) axis relative to the front-back cellular axis. Here, we review 'effector functions' associated with the NC axis during cell migration. We highlight recent research that has demonstrated that the orientation of the NC axis...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2011.08.001
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microtubule self-assembly dynamics serve to facilitate many vital cellular functions, such as chromosome segregation during mitosis and synaptic plasticity. However, the detailed atomistic basis of assembly dynamics has remained an unresolved puzzle. A key challenge is connecting together the vast range of relevant le...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2017.12.013
更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Misfolded and mistargeted proteins in the early secretory pathway present significant risks to the cell. A diverse and integrated network of quality control pathways protects the cell from these threats. We focus on the discovery of new mechanisms that contribute to this protective network. Biochemical and structural ...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2020.04.002
更新日期：2020-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peroxisomes are part of the ubiquitous set of eukaryotic organelles. They are small, single membrane bounded vesicles, specialized in the degradation of very-long-chain fatty acids and in synthesis of myelin lipids. Once considered inconspicuous, recent new insights in the formation and function of peroxisomes have re...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2013.05.004
更新日期：2013-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cellular asymmetries have been proposed to play a role in plant embryogenesis. Genetic studies of Arabidopsis and other experimental approaches in several plant species have addressed the origins of cellular asymmetry in specific cases. Although zygote polarity, which precedes the formation of the apical-basal axis of...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(97)80087-7
更新日期：1997-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three recent reports indicate that p120-catenin can modulate the activities of RhoA, Rac and Cdc42, suggesting an elegant and previously unexpected mechanism for regulating the balance between adhesive and motile cellular phenotypes. The observations in these reports provide important new clues toward p120's mechanism...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00258-1
更新日期：2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, plays an essential role in specific cell deletion during normal embryonic and adult development in vertebrate and invertebrate species. Recent evidence suggests that signal transduction pathways governing cellular proliferation and cell cycle progression also mediate the physiologi...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0955-0674(93)90118-a
更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cells act as building blocks of multicellular organisms, forming higher-order structures at different biological scales. Niches, tissues and, ultimately, entire organisms consist of single cells that remain in constant communication. Emergence of developmental patterns and tissue architecture thus relies on single cel...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2020.07.004
更新日期：2020-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:While canonical 3'end modifications of mRNAs or tRNAs are well established, recent technological advances in RNA analysis have given us a glimpse of how widespread other types of distinctive 3'end modifications appear to be. Next to alternative nuclear or cytoplasmic polyadenylation mechanisms, evidence accumulated fo...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2012.03.011
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eukaryotes silence gene expression in the presence of double-stranded RNA homologous to the silenced gene. Silencing occurs by the targeted degradation of mRNA. Biochemical reactions that recapitulate this phenomenon generate RNA fragments of 21--23 nucleotides from the double-stranded RNA. These stably associate with...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(00)00204-0
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Far from being simple 'bags' of enzymes, bacteria are richly endowed with ultrastructures that challenge and expand standard definitions of the cytoskeleton. Here we review rods, rings, twisted pairs, tubes, sheets, spirals, moving patches, meshes and composites, and suggest defining the term 'bacterial cytoskeleton' ...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.019
更新日期：2013-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Protein degradation plays key roles in diverse pathways in cell division, growth and differentiation. Aberrant stabilization of crucial proteins participating in oncogenic pathways is often observed in cancer. The importance of proper protein turnover is exemplified by the SCF(Fbxw7) ubiquitin ligase, which is frequen...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2015.09.003
更新日期：2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recently, DAP-kinase was identified as one of the essential regulators of autophagy, activated by signals such as cytokines and ER stress. DAP-kinase is a tumor suppressor that mediates several cell death pathways, such as apoptosis and programmed necrosis. Likewise, functional studies suggest that DAP-kinase may dire...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2009.11.004
更新日期：2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several new members of the gelsolin family have been discovered in the past year. Determination of the structure of gelsolin and identification of lysophosphatidic acid as a negative regulator provide novel functional insights. Gelsolin is an obligate downstream effector of Rac for motility in dermal fibroblasts, regu...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0955-0674(99)80012-x
更新日期：1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Considerable advances into the basis of RNA-polymerase-II-mediated transcriptional regulation have recently emerged. Biochemical, genetic and structural studies have contributed to novel insights into transcription, as well as the functional significance of covalent histone modifications. New details regarding transcr...
journal_title：Current opinion in cell biology
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ceb.2004.04.004
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
