Abstract:
:Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines is the major cause of cerebral edema and neuronal loss. This study was designed to examine changes in concentrations of some proinflammatory cytokines-including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-in a rat model of TBI in which the animals were treated with different doses of estrogen or progesterone 6 and 24 h after the TBI. Adult female rats were divided into 14 groups. Hormones or vehicle were given intraperitoneally 30 min after a moderate TBI was induced by the Marmarou method. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines in brain were measured at 6 and 24 h after the TBI. A high dose of estrogen (E2) or a low dose of progesterone (P1) increased brain levels of IL-1β 52.7% and 79.2% respectively at 6 h after the TBI. By 24h, IL-1β levels in the brain were 27.5% and 27% lower following administration of estrogen low dose (E1) or E2, respectively. High-dose administration of progesterone reduced brain levels of IL-6 to 45.9% at 6 h after the TBI, and P1 and E1 treatment significantly decreased IL-6 levels at 24 h. Brain levels of TNF-α were 72.5% lower at 6 h after the TBI following P2 treatment and 48.5% higher at 24 hrs following treatment with E2. The levels of TGF-β were also 3.37 times higher 24 h after the TBI following treatment with E1. Both doses of the hormones tested increases TGF-β levels 6 h after the TBI. Based on our findings, we conclude that progesterone and estrogen influence the levels of proinflammatory cytokines either at the primary or secondary stages after a TBI. Accordingly, this study suggests a mechanism by which hormones reduce cerebral edema.
journal_name
J Neurotraumajournal_title
Journal of neurotraumaauthors
Sarkaki AR,Khaksari Haddad M,Soltani Z,Shahrokhi N,Mahmoodi Mdoi
10.1089/neu.2010.1686subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2013-01-01 00:00:00pages
47-54issue
1eissn
0897-7151issn
1557-9042journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired at ∼24 h and ∼3 months post-injury on mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI; n = 75) and orthopedic injury (n = 60) cohorts. The mTBI subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group with atorvastatin or a non-treatment mTBI group. The treatment group was further divided i...
journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
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更新日期:2016-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::There are no established biomarkers for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), in part because post-concussive symptoms (PCS) are subjective and conventional imaging is typically unremarkable. To test whether diffuse axonal abnormalities quantified with three-dimensional (3D) proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imagi...
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更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
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更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1089/neu.2013.2928
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更新日期:2008-04-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1089/neu.2006.23.18
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期:2015-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2013-11-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5049
更新日期:2018-02-15 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1089/neu.1994.11.587
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1089/neu.2005.22.240
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spinal cord injury can have a range of debilitating effects, permanently impacting a patient's quality of life. Initially thought to be an immune privileged site, the spinal cord is able to mount a timely and well organized inflammatory response to injury. Intricate immune cell interactions are triggered, typically co...
journal_title:Journal of neurotrauma
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
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