Abstract:
:Diseases causing high mortality in children under 5 years of age in resource limited settings (RLS) could be treated if children in these countries had access to existing medicines. It took 30 years before the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML) considered the issue of medicines for children, with the first EML for children being published in 2007. Recent data indicate that less than half of the key paediatric essential medicines are available in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Problems include substandard medicines, irrational use of medicines, inefficiency and even possible corruption in pharmaceutical management systems. These are global issues which affect RLS most. Clinical trials in developing countries for the benefit of children are needed but challenging in several ways. In this review, the authors will consider the following areas where progress could improve paediatric pharmacotherapy in RLS: registration and regulation of medicines, rational use of medicines, clinical trials in children and restriction of corruption in pharmaceutical management systems.
journal_name
Arch Dis Childjournal_title
Archives of disease in childhoodauthors
Hoppu K,Sri Ranganathan S,Dodoo ANdoi
10.1136/adc.2009.180000subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-08-01 00:00:00pages
764-8issue
8eissn
0003-9888issn
1468-2044pii
adc.2009.180000journal_volume
96pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether antimony may be detected in the urine during infancy and early childhood and its association with passive exposure to tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine. DESIGN:Analysis of spare aliquots of urine collected from infants participating in studies of respiratory function and pas...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.76.5.432
更新日期:1997-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Seventy six children, 18 boys and 58 girls, aged 0-15.9 (median 1.0) years, with acute pyelonephritis were prospectively studied with a technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan during infection and two months later. Fifty nine of these children were also studied two years after the infection. Seventeen child...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.70.2.111
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy (THI) detected in a major paediatric centre over a 10 year period was examined. A total of 2468 subjects less than 2 years of age had an IgG measurement taken between July 1979 and March 1990. Subjects with known immunodeficiencies were excluded. Fifteen pat...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.70.3.183
更新日期:1994-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In 3-day fat balances, 7 of 8 infants had appreciably more steatorrhoea when they were fed Cow and Gate V formula than when they were fed SMA. The mean fat excretion (+/- SEM) expressed as a percentage of the amount ingested on Cow and Gate V was 28-1 +/- 3-9 compared with 10-5 +/- 2-3 on SMA. Gas-liquid chromatograph...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.50.8.654
更新日期:1975-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine if administration of oral prednisolone to preschool children with acute wheeze alters respiratory outcomes. DESIGN:Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled equivalence trial. SETTING:Three hospitals in New Zealand. PATIENTS:477 children aged 24-59 months with acute wheeze associated with r...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-318971
更新日期:2020-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of raising the airways resistance of 56 normal newborn babies by blocking alternate nostrils was studied by means of oesophageal intubation and the trunk plethysmograph. Increased resistance was associated with reduced respiratory rate and ventilation. A comparison was made of the response in different slee...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.51.8.602
更新日期:1976-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The validation of measurement of cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) against jugular venous occlusion plethysmography is described. Repeated measurements in six infants were made using both techniques simultaneously. A close relationship between the two mea...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.67.4_spec_no.407
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In recent years photopheresis, an extracorporeal form of photochemotherapy using psoralen and ultraviolet A irradiation of leucocytes, has been claimed to be an effective form of immunomodulation. AIM:To evaluate its effect in type 1 diabetes we performed a double blind, controlled study using placebo table...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/adc.85.2.149
更新日期:2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Forty-seven cases of prune belly syndrome in children born between 1948 and 1977 are described. They have been classified into three groups according to the state of the urinary tract in the neonatal period. The results achieved in these cases form the basis of our present management. In group I, the most severely aff...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.57.11.856
更新日期:1982-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To investigate the emotional reactions of registrars following the death of a child. METHODS:A multicentre study to determine the sources of support for registrars and the use of debriefing following a child's death. A questionnaire was sent or given to registrars within the South West Region. RESULTS:There was a...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/adc.2005.076760
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:To determine whether the British 1990 growth charts are valid for cross sectional and longitudinal use in primary school children. METHODS:A total of 694 children aged 7-10 years from 10 Leeds primary schools were weighed and measured annually over three years by an expert auxologist. SD scores were calculated us...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.83.4.298
更新日期:2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hepatomegaly, the presenting feature of type IV glycogen storage disease at 20 months of age, regressed during childhood. The patient remained asymptomatic until 12 years of age when, after an episode of shock, septicaemia, and spontaneous peritonitis, liver transplantation was successfully performed. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.71.5.450
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::At the mid-radius, pre-pubertal asthmatic children had smaller periosteal and endosteal circumferences and thicker cortical shells compared to controls, when assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Asthmatics had diminished periosteal expansion for muscle size, suggesting that asthma, its treatment, o...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.2005.084996
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 20-year-old woman with untreated homocystinuria was examined when she was 18 weeks' pregnant. Amniocentesis was performed and raised levels of homocystine and methionine were present in the amniotic fluid. Assay of cystathionine synthetase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells showed the carrier state for homocy...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.55.9.721
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To investigate the prevalence of infant crying and maternal soothing techniques in relation to ethnic origin and other sociodemographic variables. DESIGN:A questionnaire survey among mothers of 2-3 month old infants registered at six child health clinics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. SUBJECTS:A questionna...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.79.4.312
更新日期:1998-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Transient hyperphosphatasaemia is usually a chance finding arising from the use of biochemical screening profiles. Clinical correlates in cases so far described have been non-specific. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.59.10.996
更新日期:1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two cases of atypical Kawasaki disease (KD) manifested as persistent lobar lung consolidation, prolonged fever, and active inflammatory laboratory markers unresponsive to antibiotic treatment are reported. One of the children developed a giant coronary aneurysm. Atypical KD should be considered in the differential dia...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.88.10.940
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The incidence of minor congenital anomalies was examined in 36 patients with ataxic cerebral palsy, in unaffected family members, and in 100 unrelated control subjects. None of the control subjects or family members had more than four anomalies, and 25 of 36 (69%) of the patients had more than four. The distribution o...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.64.4.557
更新日期:1989-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cholelithiasis is considered uncommon in infancy, childhood, and adolescence. We performed a prospective, controlled study showing that children with Down's syndrome have a significantly higher prevalence of cholelithiasis (4.7%) compared with controls (0.2%). Clinicians should be aware of the risk of gallstones in ch...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.85.3.242
更新日期:2001-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We studied two neonates fed diluted formula and excessive water who developed hyponatraemic convulsions; treatment included intravenous hypertonic saline and water restriction. Educating mothers is important to stop recurrences. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.64.5.734
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Mentoring is important for personal and professional development of doctors. Peer mentoring is a core skill in the UK paediatric postgraduate curriculum. However, there is a paucity of peer mentoring programmes aimed at postgraduate doctors in training (postgraduate trainees), and there are no such schemes w...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304277
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) raises issues of considerable importance to medical practitioners and paediatricians in particular. The case concerns the parental right to withhold consent to medical intervention that doctors believe to be necessary in a child's best interests. The dram...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/adc.2004.070672
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Female genital mutilation (FGM) is almost always performed on children and consequently paediatricians should have a central role in the detection and prevention of FGM. FGM has no health benefits and can cause lifelong damage to physical and psychological health. Extensive migration of FGM practising communities mean...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-307234
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Samples from the pharynx, stomach, duodenum or jejunum, and faeces were collected on 7 days between 1st and 28th day from neonates weighing less than 1.5 kg at birth who were fed by transpyloric tube. These were cultured on selective and non-selective media, and the results were expressed in a semi-quantitative manner...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.58.2.115
更新日期:1983-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A child with chronic diarrhoea since birth responded to the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors aspirin and indomethacin. During a period without treatment, raised levels of prostaglandins F2alpha and E2 were observed. No source for these raised prostaglandins was shown, and it is suggested that she may have an inborn...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.52.10.800
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Forty three infants were assigned randomly to a ready-to-feed infant formula or a standard formula that required reconstitution from powder. Despite similar nutrient composition of the two formulas those fed the powdered formula had significantly increased body weight and skinfold thickness gains, and became significa...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/adc.67.7.935
更新日期:1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The management of subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) is still controversial, as the benefit to risk ratio of prolonged L-thyroxine therapy is not clear cut. Some authors have shown abnormalities of myocardial function and structure in adults with SH, which could be reversed by L-thyroxine therapy. As SH frequen...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.88.11.1005
更新日期:2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The sodium intake of preschool children in their home environment was investigated and the major sources of sodium other than added table salt identified. Thirty five children from a Southampton general practice were studied. Twenty four hour urinary sodium excretion was measured as a reliable indicator of daily total...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.61.2.159
更新日期:1986-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty six children with typical features of Angelman's syndrome, including global developmental delay, ataxia, episodes of paroxysmal laughter, seizures, and microcephaly were studied. The series included three sibships of three affected sisters, two affected brothers, and two affected sisters, respectively. The faci...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.64.1.83
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality from snake bite envenomation in children. DESIGN:Prospective observational study with a one-group cohort design. SETTING:Paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in South India. SUBJECTS:The study cohort consisted of 145 ch...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-311142
更新日期:2017-05-01 00:00:00