Abstract:
:Fundamental to appropriate nutritional prescription is an understanding of the conditions necessary for growth that include the requirements for energy in health and illness. Energy requirements need to be met by the dietary intake to prevent weight loss. A positive energy balance will result in weight gain. Energy requirement includes several components; the largest is the basal metabolic rate, although physical activity level and the energy needs of growth are important components. All aspects of energy metabolism are likely to be influenced by illness and impact on energy balance. Changes in dietary intake and physical activity are observed clinically but poorly described in most childhood illnesses. Changes in metabolic rate are poorly described in part owing to methodological problems. This review explores changes in energy expenditure associated with health and disease, highlights the lack of evidence underpinning this aspect of practical nutritional support and provides the clinician with a guide to the factors involved in estimating energy requirements, emphasising the importance of measuring the child's response to nutritional support.
journal_name
Arch Dis Childjournal_title
Archives of disease in childhoodauthors
Wiskin AE,Davies JH,Wootton SA,Beattie RMdoi
10.1136/adc.2009.158303subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-01 00:00:00pages
567-72issue
6eissn
0003-9888issn
1468-2044pii
adc.2009.158303journal_volume
96pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux were studied by oesophageal manometry and pH monitoring in 33 children: nine controls, 15 with gastro-oesophageal reflux alone, and nine with reflux oesophagitis. A total of 122 episodes of reflux were analysed in detail: 82 (67%) were synchronous with swallowing and 40 (33%) as...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.63.11.1333
更新日期:1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In preterm babies both haemoglobin and total neutrophil count values from capillary sites are significantly and variably higher than those from simultaneous arterial samples. Comparing simultaneous venous and arterial samples, the mean haemoglobin was slightly higher but the total neutrophil counts were similar. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.62.1.74
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Children with severe malnutrition (SAM) present to hospital with an array of complications, resulting in high mortality despite adherence to WHO guidelines. Diagnostic resources in developing countries are limited and bedside tests could help identify high-risk children. Dipstick urinalysis is a bedside scre...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.2009.168211
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of body composition on average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) in adolescence, and to examine current BMR prediction equations. STUDY:Dutch adolescents were pooled with previously reported American and British subjects (n = 90 overall). BMR and ADMR were analyse...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.85.1.73
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The effect of phototherapy on plasma cyclic-AMP in newborn infants has been studied. Our results suggest that phototherapy does not produce appreciable changes in plasma cyclic-AMP levels. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.52.5.416
更新日期:1977-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Critical incidents are common during the inter-hospital transfer of sick patients, and infants are an especially vulnerable group. AIMS:To examine the effect of critical incident review on the number of adverse events during inter-hospital transfer of sick infants. METHODS:Critical incidents over an eight ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/adc.2004.066639
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Although antibiotics are recommended for the primary care management of community-acquired pneumonia, a recent UK study reported that most children admitted to hospital had not received antibiotics. OBJECTIVE:To describe primary care antibiotic use for children subsequently hospitalised with community-acqui...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300604
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND AND AIMS:There are few standardised questionnaires for the assessment of respiratory symptoms in preschool children. We have developed and tested the short-term repeatability of a postal questionnaire on respiratory symptoms for 1-year-old children. METHODS:A newly developed postal questionnaire for the ass...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.2007.117978
更新日期:2007-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A modified nasopharyngeal tube is described that does not add airway dead space and resistance, is well tolerated, highly successful, and allows simultaneous use of oxygen prongs. This potentially reduces the need for surgical intervention to relieve high upper airway obstruction from Pierre-Robin syndrome and other c...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.80.2.186
更新日期:1999-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.2004.057091
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The influence of physical housing quality on childhood asthma expression, especially the effect of exposure to moulds, allergens, and pollutants, is well documented. However, attempts to explain increasing rates and severity of childhood asthma solely through physical environmental factors have been unsuccessful, and ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/adc.2006.098376
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thirty preterm infants (gestational age 26 to 30 weeks) were investigated by cross sectional echocardiography using a 5 or 7.5 MHz transducer positioned in the suprasternal notch or the left subclavicular position to enable visualisation of the aortic arch, main pulmonary artery, left pulmonary artery, and ductus arte...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.59.4.341
更新日期:1984-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two hundred children with glass injuries were investigated; 48 were injured in falls through architectural glass and 87 by broken bottles. Nine children had serious lacerations--7 of which were sustained at home. Radiographs were important in diagnosing retained fragments but prophylactic antibiotics were unnecessary....
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.59.7.672
更新日期:1984-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Phenobarbital (PB), commonly used as the preferred treatment for neonatal seizure, is a drug that requires careful dose adjustments based on therapeutic drug monitoring. It has been reported that PB metabolism was affected by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C19 polymorphisms in adults requiring dose adjustment. AIM:T...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2011-300538
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A percutaneous lung biopsy sample was used to diagnose interstitial lung disease in nine children aged less than 42 months. Fibrosing alveolitis was diagnosed in eight children and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in one child. Complications associated with the procedure were minimal and the results of the biopsy sample...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.70.2.143
更新日期:1994-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Two Japanese outbreaks of erythema infectiosum were investigated for evidence of human parvovirus infection by a solid phase antibody capture radioimmunoassay based on a monoclonal antibody to human parvovirus. Specific IgM and high concentrations of specific IgG were detected in 37 sera from 27 children with erythema...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.59.11.1016
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Doppler ultrasound was used to measure blood flow velocity in the anterior cerebral artery of six premature infants with posthaemorrhagic hydrocephalus, before and after intermittent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage, on 23 occasions. There was a significant increase in mean blood flow velocity after the drainage pro...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.69.1_spec_no.74
更新日期:1993-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the value of neurodevelopmental examination, fragile X testing, iron studies, and other screening procedures in children with mild to moderate learning difficulties. DESIGN:A cross sectional case-control study. SUBJECTS:A 34% random sample (n = 130) of children with mild to moderate learning diff...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.76.3.264
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 20-year-old woman with untreated homocystinuria was examined when she was 18 weeks' pregnant. Amniocentesis was performed and raised levels of homocystine and methionine were present in the amniotic fluid. Assay of cystathionine synthetase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells showed the carrier state for homocy...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.55.9.721
更新日期:1980-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Four Asian babies were investigated because they failed to thrive. In all four cases the failure to thrive was a result of the mother's social isolation and inability to communicate, and to the father's refusal to accept that there was a problem in the family. ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.64.3.369
更新日期:1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Moderate and severe malnutrition are endemic in much of the developing world and in association with pockets of deprivation in the developed world. The cost in terms of individual and social development is high. The principles of effective management are clearly documented. A low cost, community based treatment progra...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.71.4.297
更新日期:1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:To assess the impact of two paediatric intensive care unit retrieval teams on the performance of three mortality risk scoring systems: pre-ICU PRISM, PIM, and PRISM II. METHODS:A total of 928 critically ill children retrieved for intensive care from district general hospitals in the south east of England (crude m...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.87.5.421
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Six children with congenital heart disease are described in whom poor growth was found to be due to small-bowel villous atrophy; none was in heart failure and only one was severely cyanosed. Growth improved in all 6 on a gluten-free diet. Gluten enteropathy may be more common than is realised in children with congenit...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1982-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:To describe the clinical features, diagnosis and management of children with tuberculosis in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland. METHODS:Cases of culture-confirmed and clinically diagnosed tuberculosis were reported to the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit from December 2003 to January 2005. RESULTS:3...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/adc.2007.133645
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Faecal impaction is frequently observed in children with chronic constipation. The term megarectum is often used to describe this finding. AIM:To evaluate rectal functioning and rectal measures in constipated children with a filled rectum, in order to define the terms faecal impaction, enlarged rectum, and ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.83.1.52
更新日期:2000-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:Children's exposure to racism via caregiver experience (vicarious racism) is associated with poorer health and development. However, the relationship with child healthcare utilisation is unknown. We aimed to investigate (1) the prevalence of vicarious racism by child ethnicity; (2) the association between ca...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/archdischild-2017-313866
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The practice of general paediatricians in the initial evaluation of congenital hypothyroidism (CHT) was assessed. This was performed by a questionnaire survey of paediatricians in East Anglia of whom 84% responded. Nineteen of 25 clinicians based in seven district hospitals managed children with CHT. The median number...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.77.4.339
更新日期:1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIM:To evaluate gastric emptying in girls with Turner's syndrome to detect if gastrointestinal motor dysfunction was present. SUBJECTS:Thirteen girls (mean age 8.1 years) with Turner's syndrome, seven girls with familial short stature (6.1 years), and eight control girls (7.6 years). METHODS:Gastric emptying studies ...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.75.5.440
更新日期:1996-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of modified polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) profiles of complementary food on long-chain (LC) PUFA composition in healthy infants. DESIGN:Double blinded, randomised, controlled intervention trial. SETTING:Dortmund, Germany. PATIENTS:Free-living sample of healthy term infants. METHODS...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/adc.2008.146027
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Spirometric data from 1586 healthy children, who did not smoke, were analysed to examine the effects of overweight as measured by the body mass index (weight/height2) on lung function. Overweight (72 boys, 88 girls) was defined as on or above the 90th percentile weight for height. After having controlled for the confo...
journal_title:Archives of disease in childhood
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/adc.65.5.512
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00