Abstract：
:The transesterification and esterification of palm products i.e. crude palm oil (CPO), refined palm oil (RPO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) under near-critical methanol in the presence of synthesized SO(4)-ZrO(2), WO(3)-ZrO(2) and TiO(2)-ZrO(2) (with various sulfur- and tungsten loadings, Ti/Zr ratios, and calcination temperatures) were studied. Among them, the reaction of RPO with 20%WO(3)-ZrO(2) (calcined at 800 degrees C) enhanced the highest fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield with greatest stability after several reaction cycles; furthermore, it required shorter time, lower temperature and less amount of methanol compared to the reactions without catalyst. These benefits were related to the high acid-site density and tetragonal phase formation of synthesized WO(3)-ZrO(2). For further improvement, the addition of toluene as co-solvent considerably reduced the requirement of methanol to maximize FAME yield, while the addition of molecular sieve along with catalyst significantly increased FAME yield from PFAD and CPO due to the inhibition of hydrolysis reaction.
journal_name
Bioresour Technoljournal_title
Bioresource technologyauthors
Laosiripojana N,Kiatkittipong W,Sutthisripok W,Assabumrungrat Sdoi
10.1016/j.biortech.2010.05.076subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-11-01 00:00:00pages
8416-23issue
21eissn
0960-8524issn
1873-2976pii
S0960-8524(10)00934-Xjournal_volume
101pub_type
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