Abstract:
BACKGROUND:Low-tar cigarette smoking is gaining popularity in China. The China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC) promotes low-tar cigarettes as safer than regular cigarettes. METHODS:A total of 543 male smokers smoking cigarettes with different tar yields (15 mg, regular cigarettes, 10-13 mg low-tar cigarettes and < 10 mg low-tar cigarettes) were recruited in Shanghai, China, who then completed a questionnaire on smoking behaviour and provided a urine sample for analysis of the nicotine metabolites cotinine and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. A total of 177 urine samples were selected at random for the analysis of the carcinogens polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites (PAHs) (1-hydroxypyrene, naphthols, hydroxyfluorenes and hydroxyphenanthrenes) and the tobacco specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanone (NNK) metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-butanol (NNAL) and NNAL-glucuronide. Values were normalised by creatinine to correct for possible distortions introduced by dilution or concentration of the urine. RESULTS:Smokers of low-tar cigarettes smoked fewer cigarettes per day (p=0.001) compared to smokers of regular cigarettes. Despite this lower reported consumption, levels of cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine and PAHs in urine of people smoking low-tar cigarettes were not correlated with nominal tar delivery of the cigarettes they smoked. Urine concentrations of NNAL were higher in smokers of lower tar than higher tar cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS:Chinese low-tar cigarettes do not deliver lower doses of nicotine and carcinogens than regular cigarettes, therefore it is unlikely that there would be any reduction in harm. CNTC's promotion of low-tar cigarettes as 'less harmful' is a violation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which China ratified in 2005.
journal_name
Tob Controljournal_title
Tobacco controlauthors
Gan Q,Lu W,Xu J,Li X,Goniewicz M,Benowitz NL,Glantz SAdoi
10.1136/tc.2009.033092subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-10-01 00:00:00pages
374-9issue
5eissn
0964-4563issn
1468-3318pii
tc.2009.033092journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
TOBACCO CONTROL文献大全abstract:BACKGROUND:In Australia, smoking prevalence has declined in men since the 1950s and in women since the 1980s. Future smoking prevalence in Australia is predicted from estimates of previous and current age-specific and sex-specific cessation rates and smoking uptake in young people derived from national survey data on t...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2008.027615
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To examine adolescents' awareness of and response to an adult focused anti-smoking advertising campaign. DESIGN AND SETTING:Data were obtained from two cross sectional surveys of adolescents. The first study, a national evaluation study, involved a telephone survey of a randomly selected sample of 400 14-17...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_2.ii23
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The tobacco-free generation (TFG) proposal advocates prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to people born after the year 2000. In a world-first, the Tasmanian parliament is considering this proposed legislation. Levels of public support for the proposal among adults and adolescents were investigated. MET...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053105
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:While smoke-free restaurant laws are intended to protect the public from secondhand smoke exposure, they may also discourage smoking among adolescents. There is no evidence from longitudinal studies to test this hypothesis. OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of local restaurant smoking regulations on progressi...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2005.012302
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The Food and Drug Administration can reduce the nicotine content in cigarettes to very low levels. This potential regulatory action is hypothesised to improve public health by reducing smoking, but may have unintended consequences related to weight gain. METHODS:Weight gain was evaluated from a double-blind...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053301
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a serious public health threat and represents a preventable cause of morbidity among children. Sleep bruxism is characterised by teeth grinding or clenching movements during sleep and may begin in adulthood as well as in childhood. OBJECTIVES:To investigate the associat...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050217
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:As part of the Smoke-Free Illinois Act, smoking on the gambling floors of all commercial casinos in Illinois became prohibited. This study examined the effects of the Smoke-Free Illinois Act on casino admissions per-capita and real per-capita adjusted gross receipts using 18 years of data (10 years before and...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053966
更新日期:2018-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper aimed to identify continued and emerging trends in the Australian tobacco market following plain packaging implementation, over a period of substantial increases in tobacco taxes. Since 2012, our surveillance activities (including review of trade product and price lists, ingredient reports submitted by toba...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053912
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:High smoking prevalence rates, combined with a steep tax on tobacco and lower household income, mean that 5% of Māori (indigenous) whānau (family unit) expenditure in New Zealand is on tobacco. This paper outlines whānau perceptions of, and behavioural responses to, increasing tobacco tax. METHODS:This quali...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056097
更新日期:2021-01-12 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the smoking-related knowledge and attitudes of senior medical students and to compare knowledge and attitude changes in students exposed to four different smoking cessation skills training interventions. DESIGN:A survey questionnaire, assessing knowledge and attitudes, was administered pre- and pos...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tc.5.4.271
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To characterise the relative amount and type of daily newspaper, local and national TV newscast, and national news magazine coverage of tobacco control issues in the United States in 2002 and 2003. DESIGN:Content analysis of daily newspapers, news magazines, and TV newscasts. SUBJECTS:Items about tobacco in...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2005.014456
更新日期:2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Youth who experiment with tobacco often start with flavoured products. In New York City (NYC), local law restricts sales of all tobacco products with 'characterising flavours' except for 'tobacco, menthol, mint and wintergreen'. Enforcement is based on packaging: explicit use of a flavour name (eg, 'strawber...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053552
更新日期:2018-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine what the tobacco industry knew about the potential effects of menthol on smoking topography-how a person smokes a cigarette. METHODS:A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) between 1 June 2010 and 9 August 2010. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2010.041988
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Brazil experienced a large decline in smoking prevalence between 2008 and 2013. Tax rate increases since 2007 and a new tobacco tax structure in 2012 may have played an important role in this decline. However, continuous tax rate increases pushed up cigarette prices over personal income growth and, therefore...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052465
更新日期:2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the claim that the tobacco industry does not market its products to youth. DESIGN:The data for this study come from tobacco industry documents collected from the tobacco industry's document websites, presently linked at http://www.tobaccoarchives.com. The websites were searched using "request for...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.11.suppl_1.i5
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To examine the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on nicotine dependence, self-efficacy, and intention to quit. DESIGN SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Data were from the first wave (2002) of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey (ITC-4), a panel study of over 2000 adult smokers from each of ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008763
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the long-term impact of plain packaging (PP) of cigarettes with larger graphic health warnings (HW) introduced in December 2012 on adolescents' relevant tobacco-related perceptions. METHODS:Cross-sectional school-based surveys of 12 to 17 year olds in 2011 (n=4413), 2013 (n=4423), 2014 (n=4576) and...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054988
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A large percentage of the population continues to be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). Although studies have consistently linked active smoking to various pregnancy outcomes, results from the few studies examining SHS exposure and pregnancy difficulties have been inconsistent. METHODS:Approximately 4800 wo...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2008.027961
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The recognition that tobacco control and human rights concerns overlap is quite recent. This commentary reflects upon tobacco control's growth through allying with other domains, and details a particular effort to build alliances between tobacco control and human rights practitioners. ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050331
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Current legislative language requires the California Department of Public Health, California Tobacco Control Program, to evaluate the effectiveness of the school-based Tobacco Use Prevention Education (TUPE) programme in California every 2 years. The objective of the study was to measure change and to identi...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tc.2009.030700
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Observational studies and a few clinical trials suggest that use of low nitrosamine smokeless tobacco (snus) can facilitate smoking cessation. To better understand the real-world impact of snus on smoking behaviour, a large-scale, long-term clinical trial of naturalistic snus use among smokers is needed. ST...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052783
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Marketing claims often have promoted specific perceptions that users should expect from acutely smoking that cigarette brand. Yet, little controlled study has determined the degree to which actual perceptions are based on the cigarette's tobacco constituents in the absence of knowledge about the brand's iden...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054388
更新日期:2019-05-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a leading preventable cause of illness, disability and mortality. There is a lack of quantitative analyses on socioeconomic disparities in SHS; especially, it is not known how socioeconomic disparities have changed in the past two decades in the USA. OBJECTIVES:To examine socioecon...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051660
更新日期:2015-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In Tanzania, strong tobacco control measures that would lead to a reduction in prevalence (consumption) have so far not been implemented due to concern about possible economic effects on gross domestic product and employment. The aim of this study is to analyse the economic effects of reducing tobacco consum...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054635
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:INTRODUCTION:Mentholated cigarettes are at least as dangerous to an individual's health as non-mentholated varieties. The addition of menthol to cigarettes reduces perceived harshness of smoke, which can facilitate initiation. Here, we examine correlates of menthol use, national trends in smoking menthol and non-mentho...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051159
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:AIMS:To describe levels of knowledge on the harmful effects of tobacco and public support for tobacco control measures in nine countries of the former Soviet Union and to examine the characteristics associated with this knowledge and support. METHODS:Standardised, cross-sectional nationally representative surveys cond...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050249
更新日期:2013-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:As a remedy to committing fraud and violating civil racketeering laws, in November 2017, four major tobacco companies were court-ordered to develop and disseminate corrective statements regarding smoking health risks using mass media channels. We aimed to describe the nature, timing, reach of and exposure to ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054762
更新日期:2020-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The current paper describes the PhenX (Phenotypes and eXposures) Toolkit Tobacco Regulatory Research Agent specialty area and the Agent Working Group's (WG's) 6-month consensus process to identify high-priority, scientifically supported measures for cross-study comparison and analysis. Eleven measures were selected fo...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054976
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To describe tobacco industry efforts in Malaysia to thwart government efforts to regulate tobacco promotion and health warnings. METHODS:Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private tobacco industry internal documents made available through the Master Settlement Agreement and sec...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1136/tc.2004.008094
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The landscape of smoking cessation may have changed in Europe recently. OBJECTIVES:To identify changes in use of smoking cessation assistance in the European Union (EU) and factors associated with use of cessation assistance. METHODS:Data from the 2012 (n=9921) and 2017 (n=9489) waves of the Eurobarometer ...
journal_title:Tobacco control
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054117
更新日期:2019-01-01 00:00:00