Abstract:
:The tuberculosis (TB) epidemic is well controlled in most developed countries and the focus in these areas has shifted to TB eradication. Transmission within nonendemic areas is limited and most cases of TB result from reactivation of distant (latent) infection. With adequate resources, wide-scale use of preventive therapy can assist to eliminate the pool of latent infection that is required for TB eradication. In contrast, TB control remains poor in many developing countries, especially those worst affected by poverty and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. In this review the authors critically assess the approach to TB preventive therapy in children and adults, focus on the underlying treatment rationale, discuss available data and identify issues of concern.
journal_name
Clin Chest Medjournal_title
Clinics in chest medicineauthors
Marais BJ,Ayles H,Graham SM,Godfrey-Faussett Pdoi
10.1016/j.ccm.2009.08.012subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-12-01 00:00:00pages
827-46, xissue
4eissn
0272-5231issn
1557-8216pii
S0272-5231(09)00088-4journal_volume
30pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing consists of a spectrum ranging from the upper airway resistance syndrome to complete apnea. Although this disorder is relatively common, it is still under-recognized, resulting in a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. In this article, we describe the rationale for tr...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70434-2
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia, it is essential to get initial empiric therapy correct; this is challenging because many patients are infected with multidrug-resistant pathogens. The need for achieving appropriate therapy can lead to broad-spectrum empiric therapy, which can represent antibiotic overus...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.05.009
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity hypoventilation syndrome has been noted for centuries, yet we still are trying to uncover the exact mechanisms behind the disease and best treatment modalities for patients afflicted by the condition. The syndrome, which results in symptoms based on a diverse spectrum of interactions between obesity, ventilato...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2018.01.006
更新日期:2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is the most useful invasive technique for diagnosing lung cancer. This article details the use and efficacy of bronchoscopy with such established techniques as forceps biopsy, brush biopsy, and bronchial washing in the diagnosis and staging of bronchoscopically visible central lung can...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on experimental and clinical biomarkers of autoimmunity and aims to highlight important aspects of the immunologic evaluation of a patient with fibrotic lung disease. ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2019.06.002
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pleural malignancies are ideal for novel therapeutic approaches because they are invariably fatal. Intrapleural (IP) chemotherapy has only marginal benefit in pleural malignancies, but may prove efficacious with hyperthermic chemotherapy administered in combination with maximal tumor debulking. IP immunotherapies may ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2013.04.007
更新日期:2013-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::A variety of mechanical devices may be used to provide assistance when ventilation and cough are severely impaired by progressive respiratory weakness caused by neuromuscular disease. Traditionally, positive pressure ventilation via a tracheostomy has been used, but if upper airway function is adequate, a variety of n...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical applications of bronchoalveolar lavage are assessed in regard to its current place as an aid for the practicing physician in the management of individual patients. ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains controversial. The benefits of conventional treatment with corticosteroids plus either azathioprine or cyclophosphamide have not been established in randomized, controlled trials. Other treatment strategies have been suggested as understanding of the pathoge...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2005.08.004
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Early Goal-Directed Therapy versus Standard Care for Sepsis trial by Rivers and colleagues in 2001 suggested that a significant mortality reduction may be realized through goal-directed interventions early in the care of patients with septic shock. However, the recent publication of the Protocol-Based Care for Ear...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.01.016
更新日期:2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hyperventilation seen in asthma is due to an increase in respiratory drive. This may be reflected by increased neural output to the respiratory muscles and probably by alterations in the respiratory pattern. This increased respiratory drive is most likely in response to irritant receptor stimulation in the lung. O...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Airway inflammation due to exposure to a wide variety of agents encountered in the workplace is a major cause of occupational asthma. This article reviews major examples of occupational asthma linked to airway inflammation, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical course. ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::As recently as the 1992 Report of the American Thoracic Society Workshop on Lung Transplantation, no QOL facts were given and no knowledge gaps related to QOL outcomes were cited. Even at the present time, the information in that area is based on a relatively small set of preliminary reports. Current information indic...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70387-7
更新日期:1997-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pathogenesis of O2 toxicity involves intracellular production of partially reduced O2 metabolites, which increases with O2 partial pressure. Cytotoxic O2 metabolites impair enzyme function and inhibit DNA, protein, and surfactant lipid biosynthesis. Compounds used clinically that increase O2 metabolism or that are...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1990-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::In summary, bacterial organisms are clinically relevant contributors to asthma exacerbations, and have received much less attention than viruses in this process. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis have been linked to asthma exacerbations, particularly when sinusitis is present. ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70268-9
更新日期:2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The features of cardiovascular and pulmonary disease in exercise testing are described. In general, ventilatory limitation is the most common factor in lung disease. An early anaerobic threshold and a decreased VO2 mix in the absence of ventilatory limitation is the usual feature of severe heart disease. ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Computed tomography has acquired an increasingly central role in the evaluation of asbestos-exposed individuals. The advantages of increased contrast resolution and axial image display have extended our ability to interrogate areas of the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura that are inadequately seen on chest radiographs....
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our understanding of chronic bronchitis has been hampered by the fact that the diagnosis is based upon historical evidence of recurrent cough and sputum without any requirement that certain physiologic or microscopic criteria be met. Despite the fact that epidemiological studies have implicated viruses, bacteria, and ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1981-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Viral pneumonia is a common complication for patients with hematologic malignancies and after hematopoietic cell transplantation causing significant morbidity, and often mortality. Infections are predominantly caused by herpes viruses, either by reactivation of latent infection, or less commonly primary infection, or ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.12.009
更新日期:2017-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacologic treatment of the reversible elements of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is discussed in this article. Discussion focuses on three classes of bronchodilator drugs--the sympathomimetic agents, the methylxanthines, and the anticholinergic agents. A section on corticosteroid use in patients with ch...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1986-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leptospirosis is a worldwide disease. In this time of globalization knowledge about leptospirosis is important. Although pulmonary involvement has an incidence varying from 20% to 70% and its exteriorization may vary from mild to severe, The severe form appears to be becoming more prevalent (at least in Brazil) and ma...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(01)00010-7
更新日期:2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have led to improved asthma control and reduced asthma mortality in the Western world. ICS are effective in combating T-helper type 2-driven inflammation featuring mast cell and eosinophilic airway infiltration. Their effect on innate immunity-driven neutrophilic inflammation is poor and ...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.05.004
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies suggest clinically manifest cardiac involvement occurs in 5% of patients with pulmonary/systemic sarcoidosis. The principal manifestations of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) are conduction abnormalities, ventricular arrhythmias, and heart failure. Data indicate that an 20% to 25% of patients with pulmonary/systemic s...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2015.08.008
更新日期:2015-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::A poor therapeutic response may be explained by incomplete or erroneous diagnostic assessment, by failure to employ optimal drug doses and combinations, or by inadequate attention to the non-pharmacologic aspects of management. Poor compliance and counterproductive patient attitudes may need to be addressed. These pro...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::As specialized laboratory tests became more widely available, Legionella species were found to be common causes of nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia. Patients with chronic lung disease and organ transplants are at greatest risk. Clinical manifestations are non-specific, although fever greater than 39 degrees...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The process of smoking cessation involves progression through five stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance. Most patients are not prepared to take action on their smoking, yet most smoking cessation programs are designed for smokers who are so prepared. Small percentages...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::After half a century of clinical experience and research, management of pulmonary arterial hypertension remains a challenge. Currently, data to support the use of standard therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension (oxygen supplementation, diuretics, digoxin, anticoagulation, and calcium channel blockers) are mostl...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2006.12.003
更新日期:2007-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Sleep-related breathing disorders are strongly associated with increased risk of stroke independent of known risk factors. The direction of causation favors sleep-disordered breathing leading to stroke rather than the other way around, although definitive proof of this awaits the results of prospective cohort studies....
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(03)00027-3
更新日期:2003-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the past it was believed that respiratory disability could be objectively assessed by comparing the measured O2 consumption requirement of the job with the subjects' measured or estimated maximal oxygen consumption. More recently, it has become clear that this "classic" paradigm does not completely apply to all sit...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is commonly associated with pulmonary disease that can affect any anatomic compartment of the thorax. The most common intrathoracic manifestations of RA include interstitial lung disease, airway disease, pleural disease, rheumatoid nodules, and drug-induced toxicity. Patients with RA with tho...
journal_title:Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2019.05.003
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00