Abstract：
:Our understanding of chronic bronchitis has been hampered by the fact that the diagnosis is based upon historical evidence of recurrent cough and sputum without any requirement that certain physiologic or microscopic criteria be met. Despite the fact that epidemiological studies have implicated viruses, bacteria, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in a varying percentage of exacerbations, in an individual case it is often difficult to establish a causal role for any agent. Antibiotics seem to reduce the morbidity of an infective exacerbation, but the widespread use of prophylactic antibiotics cannot be justified on the basis of the studies currently available. It would seem that the most sensible approach in the treatment of patients with chronic bronchitis would be to treat them on an individual basis, avoiding the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, but employing them on a trial basis in patients with a demonstrated proclivity for seasonal exacerbations. It is hoped that future clinical trials incorporating only patients meeting the classic criteria for chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations will develop treatments for this significant disease which are more successful than those currently available.
journal_name
Clin Chest Medjournal_title
Clinics in chest medicineauthors
Sachs FLsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
1981-01-01 00:00:00pages
79-89issue
1eissn
0272-5231issn
1557-8216journal_volume
2pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This article summarizes the health effects of indoor air pollutants and the modalities available to control them. The pollutants discussed include active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke; combustion products of carbon monoxide; nitrogen dioxide; products of biofuels, including wood and coal; biologic agents leadi...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The optimal surgical use of laser devices requires an understanding of the interaction mechanisms of laser radiation with biologic tissue. This article will review the physical and biologic factors that have an impact on surgical applications of the laser. It is hoped that this review can lead to improved surgical app...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Prophylaxis for DVT unequivocally is beneficial in patients identified to be at high risk. Heparin prophylaxis with subcutaneous low-dose UFH is adequate in some clinical settings but less effective in others. LMWH preparations are effective and safe as prophylaxis in certain medical patients as well as in general sur...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pulmonary thromboembolism is a major cause of maternal mortality. DVT causes significant morbidity in pregnancy and in later life owing to the post-thrombotic syndrome. Obstetricians must have an understanding of the risk factors for VTE, the appropriate use of prophylaxis, the need for objective diagnosis in women wi...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(02)00055-2
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several medications have been associated with the development of the BOOP lesion. Often, symptoms include nonproductive cough and shortness of breath with bilateral crackles by examination. Occasionally, there is fever and rash, and, rarely, eosinophilia. The chest radiograph usually shows bilateral patchy infiltrates...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00140-0
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article review available strategies for mechanically ventilating patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The authors first present the conventional strategies of mechanical ventilation: volume-limited mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) at normal inspiratory-expirato...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article discusses refeeding in relation to respiratory skeletal muscle function and the subsequent function of the respiratory system as a whole. The characteristic alterations in malnourished skeletal muscle and the response to refeeding are outlined. Following this, a simple energetic model is used to explore f...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article reviews the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the abnormal pulmonary gas exchange often seen in patients with cirrhosis. To summarize, the following keypoints seem appropriate: (1) Patients with cirrhosis have a low pulmonary vascular tone characterized by a poor or absent hypoxic pressor respo...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70298-7
更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although a biopsy may need to be performed in complicated patients, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is an important adjunct to the diagnosis of pulmonary and disseminated fungal infections. Culture is the gold standard for diagnosis in many instances, but cytologic and morphologic analysis is often diagnostic. Although n...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2009.02.010
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An older smoker tends to be asked less often to quit although he or she has much to gain from achieving a nonsmoking status. Multiple barriers may interfere with attempting to quit including nicotine withdrawal, doubted self-efficacy, other smokers in one's environment, or misperceptions of little gain from quitting. ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Two recent major guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) recommend consideration of local antibiotic resistance patterns and individual patient risks for resistant pathogens when formulating an initial empiric antibiotic regimen. One recommends against invasive diagnostic techniq...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2018.08.002
更新日期：2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The mechanisms for exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are complex and multifaceted. Although ventilatory limitation caused by abnormal pulmonary function is a major contributor to this phenomenon, other factors may play an important role in limiting exercise. These other factors include depr...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70178-7
更新日期：2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Interventional pulmonology encompasses diagnostic and therapeutic bronchoscopic procedures, and pleural interventions. In the last 10 years older techniques have been refined and exciting new technologies have extended the reach and application of the instruments used. The main areas within pulmonary medicine for whic...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2010.10.007
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many different therapeutic compounds are associated with pulmonary toxicity. Although the mechanism of injury for many of these compounds is poorly defined, several compounds are believed to produce alterations in normal lung biochemistry. These mechanisms of injury in both clinical and experimental models are discuss...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Blood gas analyses are an essential part of modern patient care. Although all blood gas instruments have pH, PCO2, and PO2 electrodes based on the same principles, instruments in current use vary greatly in design, operator dependence, and accuracy. For the clinician to obtain accurate and timely results there must be...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The psychosocial assessment of applicants to the Toronto Lung Transplant Program provides the team with a variety of information including coping style; adjustment to illness; presence and management of psychiatric disorders; ability to adhere to medical recommendations; and available social support. This information ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Massive hemoptysis is a rare, but life-threatening event. Death from massive hemoptysis is usually due to aspiration of blood. Thus, the initial evaluation should occur simultaneously with efforts to control the patient's airway and respiratory status. Therapeutic interventions can be directed with an understanding of...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This article assesses the role of pharmacotherapy in the management of respiratory muscle dysfunction. It focuses on two classes of drugs, the methylxanthines and the sympathomimetic agents. A prospective section focuses also on the particularities of the diaphragm among the skeletal striated muscles. In addition, a n...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The term "steroid-resistant (SR) asthma" has been used to describe a group of asthmatics who demonstrate persistent airway obstruction and inflammation despite treatment with high doses of systemic glucocorticoids. There are at least two forms of SR asthma, that is, primary and acquired types. Type I SR asthma is acqu...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70405-6
更新日期：1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Available targeted therapies for pulmonary arterial hypertension are capable only of slowing progression of the disease and a cure remains elusive. However with the improved understanding of the pulmonary vascular remodeling that characterizes the disease, there is optimism that the disconnect between preclinical and ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2013.08.002
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nonresolving pneumonia is a common and frequently misunderstood problem faced by the practicing pulmonologist. While radiographic resolution of most infections is relatively long and lags behind clinical signs of recovery, data suggest that a variety of host defense problems are a consequence of systemic illness and a...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1987-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Bacterial pneumonias occur with increased frequency and can be associated with increased morbidity in the HIV-infected population compared with normals. The pathogens that most frequently cause community-acquired pneumonias are S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and occasionally S. aureus. These pneumonias usually respond ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and its targets are reviewed physiologically during sepsis and wound healing, a self-limiting process in which mechanisms are still identified incompletely. NO also plays an active and direct role during infection, aimed at protecting the host and destroying the microbe. During septi...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70318-x
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Smoking is overwhelmingly the major cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema worldwide. Additional risk factors for developing COPD are presented, along with the variables that govern cigarette smoke deposition in the lung. Major paradigms for the pathogenesis of COPD, including the protease-antiprotease and oxidant-...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70008-3
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In summary, bacterial organisms are clinically relevant contributors to asthma exacerbations, and have received much less attention than viruses in this process. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Hemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis have been linked to asthma exacerbations, particularly when sinusitis is present. ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/s0272-5231(05)70268-9
更新日期：2000-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:CT is a useful tool for identification of small airways diseases, and it can be used to classify these entities into inflammatory and constrictive bronchiolitis. Inflammatory forms of bronchiolitis include cellular bronchiolitis (usually caused by infection or aspiration), respiratory bronchiolitis, panbronchiolitis, ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2007.11.008
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Airway inflammation due to exposure to a wide variety of agents encountered in the workplace is a major cause of occupational asthma. This article reviews major examples of occupational asthma linked to airway inflammation, including their epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical course. ...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In general, lung involvement in connective tissue disorders has not been as well defined as has isolated interstitial lung disease; this applies particularly to bronchiolitis, which occurs infrequently. The low prevalence of bronchiolitis may reflect difficulties in making the diagnosis in mild to moderate disease; at...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although primarily a lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is now recognized to have extrapulmonary effects on distal organs, the so-called systemic effects and comorbidities of COPD. Skeletal muscle dysfunction, nutritional abnormalities including weight loss, cardiovascular complications, metabo...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.ccm.2013.10.007
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Inhaled particles are cleared from the airways by ciliary transport of a discontinuous mucous layer. The effectiveness of this process depends on the viscoelastic properties of the secretion, which in turn depend on the composition and interaction of the glycoprotein constituents. In human airways, two major cell type...
journal_title：Clinics in chest medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-06-01 00:00:00
