Abstract:
:Over the past 15 years, novel pharmacologic treatments for the management of HIV/AIDS and severe mental illness have changed the prognosis and quality of life for millions of patients throughout the world. In HIV-infected patients, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has altered this epidemic in many countries and simpler, better-tolerated treatment regimens have resulted in many patients with HIV living longer and with an improved quality of life. In patients with severe mental illness, second generation antipsychotics (SGAs) or atypical antipsychotics have provided hope for many patients and families struggling with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Despite these advances in treatment, metabolic abnormalities, specifically the metabolic syndrome (MetS), are occurring at a greater incidence in both persons with HIV and persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Furthermore, patients with severe mental illness are becoming HIV-infected, and higher prevalence rates of severe mental illness are seen in HIV patients than the general population. This review examines the prevalence of metabolic abnormalities within each population and the impact of HAART and SGAs on the development of MetS. Overviewed are possible mechanisms for the development of MetS in these patients, standard monitoring protocols, and potential treatments for managing these metabolic issues. Finally, recommendations for monitoring and managing the intersecting, growing population of HIV/AIDS patients with severe mental illness are provided.
journal_name
Pharmacol Therjournal_title
Pharmacology & therapeuticsauthors
Vergara-Rodriguez P,Vibhakar S,Watts Jdoi
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.07.004subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-12-01 00:00:00pages
269-78issue
3eissn
0163-7258issn
1879-016Xpii
S0163-7258(09)00156-9journal_volume
124pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::RANKL is a key molecule that bridges the bone and immune systems. RANKL stimulation activates a signaling pathway downstream of RANK, thereby determining the extent of bone resorption by inducing osteoclast maturation. The signaling pathway also regulates the development of different lymphoid organs, including the thy...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107682
更新日期:2021-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is substantial molecular evidence for the involvement of beta1 integrin in tissue organisation and remodelling, which confers a key role in cell growth, differentiation, migration, and survival. This role has been, in part, highlighted using the transgenic approach which does little to define the more subtle fun...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.07.002
更新日期:2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::There are at least two types of cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, both coupled to G-proteins. CB1 receptors are present in the central nervous system and CB1 and CB2 receptors in certain peripheral tissues. The existence of endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonists has also been demonstrated. These discoveries have l...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(97)82001-3
更新日期:1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review focuses on microRNAs (miRs) in cardiac surgery, where they are emerging as potential targets for therapeutic intervention as well as novel clinical biomarkers. Identification of the up/down-regulation of specific miRs in defined groups of cardiac surgery patients can lead to the development of novel strate...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.004
更新日期:2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This review concerns the development of small molecule therapeutics for the inherited neurodegenerative disease Friedreich ataxia (FRDA). FRDA is caused by transcriptional repression of the nuclear FXN gene, encoding the essential mitochondrial protein frataxin and accompanying loss of frataxin protein. Frataxin insuf...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.06.014
更新日期:2007-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ross River virus (RRV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus indigenous to Australia and the Western Pacific region and is responsible for several thousand cases of human RRV disease (RRVD) per annum. The disease primarily involves polyarthritis/arthralgia, with many patients also presenting with rash, myalgia, fever, and/or...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.006
更新日期:2005-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Purinergic signaling, mediated mainly by G protein-coupled P2Y receptors (P2YRs), is now attracting attention as a new therapeutic target for preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases. Observations using mice with genetically modified P2YRs and/or treated with a pharmacological P2YR inhibitor have helped us under...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.06.010
更新日期:2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Injury to peripheral or spinal nerves following either trauma or disease has several consequences including the development of neuropathic pain. This syndrome is often refractory against conventional analgesics; and thus, novel medicaments are desired for its treatment. Recent studies have emphasized that dysfunction ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.03.018
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apoptotic cell death mediated by the members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family is an essential process involved in the regulation of cellular homeostasis during development, differentiation, and pathophysiological conditions. Among the cell death receptors comprising the tumor necrosis factor receptor super...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00096-6
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Common arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) are a major public health concern. Classic antiarrhythmic (AA) drugs for AF are of limited effectiveness, and pose the risk of life-threatening VT/VF. For VT/VF, implantable cardiac defibrillators appear to be th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.003
更新日期:2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cytotoxic drug-induced nausea and vomiting are the side effects most feared by cancer patients. Emesis is an instinctive defense reaction caused by the somatoautonomic nerve reflex, which is integrated in the medulla oblongata. Emesis caused by cytotoxic drugs such as cisplatin is associated with an increase in the co...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00057-3
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play a key role in normal cell and tissue development. Enhanced PTK activity is intimately correlated with proliferative diseases, such as cancers, leukemias, psoriasis, and restenosis. This realization prompted us to systematically synthesize tyrosine phosphorylation inhibitors (tyrpho...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00066-7
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::QT interval prolongation, corrected for heart rate (QTc), either spontaneous or drug-induced, is associated with an increased risk of torsades de pointes and sudden death. Women have longer QTc than men and are at higher risk of torsades de pointes, particularly during post-partum and the follicular phase. Men with pe...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.005
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Current treatment of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection is effective, although it does not permanently suppress viral replication in all patients. Viral persistence, drug toxicity, and antiretroviral resistance are challenging barriers to successful treatment of HIV-1 infection. It has become increasingl...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.06.007
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The vascular system develops during embryonic development by at least two distinct processes; vasculogenesis is the development of blood vessels from in situ differentiating angioblasts and angiogenesis is the sprouting of capillaries from pre-existing vessels. The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(91)90066-u
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Three separate experimental approaches, using site-selective cAMP analogs, antisense strategy and retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer, have provided evidence that two isoforms, the RI- and RII-regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, have opposite roles in cell growth and differentiation; RI being gr...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90010-b
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Despite difficulties in the interpretation of available data, certain general observations can be made on the epidemiology of poisioning. Childhood poisoning is usually accidental and tends to be associated with a low morbidity and mortality. In Western Europe and North America, it is most often due to household produ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(93)90069-p
更新日期:1993-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4, DPPIV, CD26, EC 3.4.14.5) was discovered more than four decades ago as a serine protease that cleaves off N-terminal dipeptides from peptide substrates. The development of potent DPP4 inhibitors during the past two decades has led to the identification of DPP4 as a target in the treatment...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.012
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arthritis is a chronic disease of joints. It is highly prevalent, particularly in the elderly, and is commonly associated with pain that interferes with quality of life. Because of its chronic nature, pharmacological approaches to pain relief and joint repair must be safe for long term use, a quality many current ther...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.015
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a growing clinical problem associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development of safe and effective pharmacological treatments for AF is one of the greatest unmet medical needs facing our society. In spite of significant progress in non-pharmacological AF treatments (largely due...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.08.002
更新日期:2011-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Necrosis of skeletal muscle is produced by two types of snake venom components: single chain peptides consisting of 42-44 amino acid residues and phospholipases A2 representing either single chain proteins or existing as complexes of several enzyme subunits or combined with other nonenzymatic proteins. Vacuolation, ly...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90081-c
更新日期:1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hybrid polar compounds, of which hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) is the prototype, have been shown to be potent inducers of differentiation of many types of transformed cells. With virus-transformed murine erythroleukemia cells as a model, HMBA was shown to cause these cells to arrest in G1 phase and express globin ...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(95)02044-6
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) interact not only with heterotrimeric G proteins but also with accessory proteins called GPCR interacting proteins (GIP). These proteins have important functions. They are implicated in GPCR targeting to specific cellular compartments, in their assembling into large functional comple...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.06.004
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Minor groove binders are small molecules that form strong complexes with the minor groove of DNA. There are several structural types of which distamycin and netropsin analogues, oligoamides built from heterocyclic and aromatic amino acids, and bis-amidines separated by aromatic and heterocyclic rings are of particular...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.03.002
更新日期:2013-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most prevalent eating disorder with estimates of 2-5% of the general adult population. Nonetheless, its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Furthermore, there exist few therapeutic options for its effective treatment. Here we review the current state of binge-eating neurobiology an...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.08.002
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of receptors coupled to inhibitory G proteins (Galpha i/o) has opposing consequences for cyclic AMP accumulation and the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, depending on the duration of stimulation. Acute activation inhibits the activity of adenylate cyclase, thereby attenuating cyclic AMP accu...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.12.005
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is clear evidence that CB(2), historically referred to as the peripheral cannabinoid receptor, mediates many of the immune modulatory effects of cannabinoids. However, cannabinoid receptors cannot be classified simply as central or peripheral since CB(2) has been shown to play a role in the central nervous syste...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.12.004
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Progress in methods of investigating endothelial function in humans has led to the demonstration that endothelial dysfunction is an early process involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, and represents a new independent therapeutic target that may help to improve patient health. The administration o...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.015
更新日期:2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of the present paper was to present an overview of the current status of the methods used to predict the magnitude of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs) which are caused by apparent changes in cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity with an emphasis on a method using in vivo information. In addition, more th...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.10.011
更新日期:2010-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::This article reviews uses of metabolic suicide genes in gene therapy. Suicide genes encode novel nonmammalian enzymes that can convert a relatively nontoxic prodrug into a highly toxic agent. Cells genetically transduced to express such genes essentially commit metabolic suicide in the presence of the appropriate prod...
journal_title:Pharmacology & therapeutics
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0163-7258(94)90046-9
更新日期:1994-08-01 00:00:00