Abstract:
:This paper evaluates the safety for humans with regard to consumption of protein hydrolysates and fractions thereof, including bioactive peptides. The available literature on the safety of protein, protein hydrolysates, fractions thereof and free amino acids on relevant food legislation is reviewed and evaluated. A new concept for the safety assessment of protein hydrolysates and fractions thereof is developed. Benchmarks for the evaluation are safety of total protein intake, safety of free amino acid intake, documented history of safe use, outcome of questionnaires in efficacy studies and safety studies. Similar to the intake of intact proteins with a history of safe use, the intake of hydrolysates made from them, does not raise concern about safety, provided the applied proteolytic enzymes are food grade and thus of suitable quality. The safety of hydrolysates and of fractions thereof, including the so-called bioactive peptides, should always be assessed by the company before market introduction (company safety assessment). Only when a novel protein source is used or a novel production process is applied, which results in significant changes in nutritional value, metabolic effect or increased level of undesirable substances, that products might fall under novel food regulations. This means that company safety assessment should be reviewed and approved by external independent experts (external safety evaluation) and the novel protein hydrolysate (fraction) is authorized by competent authorities before market introduction. It is argued that good judgement on the safety of hydrolysates and the fractions thereof can be obtained by comparing the anticipated intake of amino acids by these products with those levels to be reasonably expected to be ingested under normal conditions of consumption of a balanced and varied diet. The paper shows a decision tree that can be used for safety assessment.
journal_name
Eur J Clin Nutrjournal_title
European journal of clinical nutritionauthors
Schaafsma Gdoi
10.1038/ejcn.2009.56subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-10-01 00:00:00pages
1161-8issue
10eissn
0954-3007issn
1476-5640pii
ejcn200956journal_volume
63pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract:OBJECTIVE:To investigate the extent to which breast milk is replaced by intake of other liquids or foods, and to estimate energy intake of infants defined as exclusively (EBF), predominantly (PBF) and partially breast-fed (PartBF). DESIGN:Cross-sectional. SETTING:Community-based study in urban Pelotas, Southern Brazi...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601735
更新日期:2003-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is used to measure bone quality and is known to be safe, radiation free and relatively inexpensive compared with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) that is considered the gold standard for bone status assessments. However, there is no consensus regarding the valid...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.180
更新日期:2016-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether diet supplementation with arabinoxylan-rich (AX)-fibre from wheat improves glycaemic control in Type II diabetes. DESIGN:Randomized, crossover intervention trial. SETTING:Monash Medical Centre. SUBJECTS:A total of 15 subjects with Type II diabetes. INTERVENTIONS:Over two 5-week period...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601857
更新日期:2004-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:We hypothesized that very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have reduced serum and red blood cell (RBC) selenium (Se) at birth, which decrease further with current nutrition and are associated with chronic lung disease and septicaemia. DESIGN:We studied Se intake, concentration in serum and RBCs and glutathion...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602715
更新日期:2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:To explore whether mothers' lifetime experiences with their own weight status and related cognitive and affective factors influence child feeding behavior. SUBJECTS/METHODS:Overweight mothers (N = 221) of 4-5 year olds recalled their weight at four time points, and were grouped into weight histor...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41430-017-0071-0
更新日期:2018-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Despite the worldwide scientific and media attention, the actual fructose consumption in many non-US populations is not clear. The aim of this study was to estimate the fructose consumption and its main food sources in a representative sample of the general Dutch population. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In a...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.267
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:This pilot study investigates the efficacy of a probiotic consortium (Lab4) in combination with vitamin C on the prevention of respiratory tract infections in children attending preschool facilities. SUBJECTS/METHODS:In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled pilot study with children aged 3-6 years,...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.174
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This study examined the prevalence of obesity and hypertension and associated behavioral risk factors in adult men and women in Uzbekistan. The study also examined the association between obesity and hypertension. METHOD:The analysis used data from the 2002 Uzbekistan Health Examination Survey, which include...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602465
更新日期:2006-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:It is hypothesised that epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation may underlie the relationship between early-life nutrition and child cognitive outcomes. This study aimed to identify dietary patterns associated with the intake of one-carbon metabolism nutrients in children aged 2-3 years. METHODS:A v...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41430-018-0376-7
更新日期:2019-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess vitamin D status in women and their children aged 4-5 years in Northern Jordan during summer. DESIGN:A cross-sectional study in which 93 mother-child dyads volunteered through local community centers between June and July 2007. Anthropometric measurements were performed and information on socioecon...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.99
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:To study the association between content in adipose tissue of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids, trans fatty acids, linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid and risk of a first myocardial infarction. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS:A case-control design among 100 patients and 98 population controls both men and postmenopau...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601064
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:The Dutch guidelines for a healthy diet aim to reduce major chronic diseases. However, supporting evidence on their overall association with all-cause and cause-specific mortality is limited. Recently, the Dutch Healthy Diet-index (DHD-index) has been developed to assess adherence to these guideli...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2015.163
更新日期:2016-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVES:The acute phase response (APR) influences indicators of iron status. A recent WHO/CDC consultation recommended concurrent measurement of alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein (AGP) in surveys to control for the APR, and aid in interpreting iron status. They proposed further exploratory analyses using AGP. We examined wh...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.33
更新日期:2009-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) increases risk of obesity. Similar data are lacking in Chinese populations with rapid nutritional transition. We aimed to examine the association between SSB intake, lifestyle factors and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese. SUBJECTS/METHODS:This...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.181
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To study the effect of infection on iron status in children suffering from acute, mild or severe respiratory infections and to determine the nature of anemia in infection using serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) levels. DESIGN:Forty-three children aged between 3 and 5 y with no evidence of infection and recei...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601496
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To measure body water distribution and to evaluate the accuracy of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) for the assessment of total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) in severe obesity. DESIGN:Cross-sectional study. SETTING:Obesity clinic. SUBJECTS:In all, 75 women aged 18-66 y, 2...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602049
更新日期:2005-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::A cross-sectional study of children in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, was conducted to examine the relationship between malnutrition history, child IQ, school attendance, socioeconomic status, parental education and parental IQ. In unadjusted analyses, severely stunted children had significantly lower IQ scores than mild...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602103
更新日期:2005-04-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To assess the validity of two diet quality indexes-food variety score (FVS) and diet diversity score (DDS) in Western Mali. DESIGN:In two separate studies (A and B), FVS and DDS were derived from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and were compared with the same scores and with measures of nutrient adequac...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601686
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:This paper examines whether diet had changed at platforms in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea between 1985 and 1993 and if this was caused by nutrition promotive activities, including the use of a health handbook (HHB). DESIGN:The report is based on two cross-sectional surveys, one in 1985 and one in 19...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the effects of dietary supplements containing bovine serum concentrate (BSC, a source of immunoglobulins) and/or multiple micronutrients (MMN) on children's growth velocity, rates of common infections, and MN status. DESIGN:Randomized, controlled, community-based intervention trial. SETTING:Low...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602682
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare different possibilities of reporting the iodine supply in the same urine samples. Indeed, in field studies, urinary iodine concentration (I/L: micro g I/L, micro mol I/L, I/creatinine: micro g I/g creatanine, micro mol I/mol creatinine) is more readily available than excretion (I/24h micro g I/24 h...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601740
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Observational studies have suggested low serum levels of vitamin B12 or folate to be risk factors of depression and anxiety. However, these results may be biased by confounding and reverse causation. Mendelian randomization studies are not subject to these limitations. The aim was to examine the a...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2017.97
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To compare the relations of adiposity and body fat distribution to body mass index (BMI) in Australians of Aboriginal and European ancestry. DESIGN:Cross-sectional volunteer samples. SETTING:Australian Aboriginal communities in remote central and northern Australia, urban European Australians resident in Me...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601630
更新日期:2003-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:The efficacy of zinc combined with vitamin A or multiple micronutrients in preventing diarrhoea is unclear in African countries with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-exposed children. Potential modifying factors, such as stunting, need to be addressed. The objective of this stu...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.78
更新日期:2009-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pharmacokinetics of vitamin C following a 500 mg oral tablet dose were compared in a group of fourteen healthy young women whose age was 26.0 +/- 2.8 years (mean +/- s.d.), and in a group of fourteen healthy elderly women aged 68.1 +/- 2.6 years. The body composition of each subject was assessed using several anth...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To explore the potential contribution of respiratory infections and vitamin A intakes to the seasonal effect of vitamin A supplementation on child growth. METHODS:Data from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, in which a single high dose of vitamin A or placebo was given every 4 months to 1405...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601920
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Food composition tables were studied from nine European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC): Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Italy, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. They were compared from the point view of availability, definition, anal...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600677
更新日期:1999-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anthropometric data available through National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau surveys/studies conducted by the National Institute for Nutrition were analysed to study body mass index (BMI:kg/m2) profiles of adults and relate them to various parameters such as the nutritional status of preschool children, socio-economic s...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:1994-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the prevalence of fatty liver and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation in obese Japanese women and to clarify the factors contributing to fatty change and ALT elevation in the cohort. DESIGN:Cross-sectional and population-based study. SUBJECTS:From 4366 women who received their annual healt...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601956
更新日期:2004-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Vitamin B(12) (B(12)) deficiency is common in Indians and a major contributor to hyperhomocysteinemia, which may influence fetal growth, risk of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of physiological doses of B(12) and folic acid on plasma t...
journal_title:European journal of clinical nutrition
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1038/ejcn.2010.15
更新日期:2010-05-01 00:00:00