Abstract：
INTRODUCTION:Loud sounds can decrease reaction time (RT) and increase force generated during voluntary contractions. Accordingly, we hypothesized that the loud starter's pistol at the Olympic Games allows runners closer to the starter to react sooner and stronger than runners farther away. METHODS:RT for the 100/110 m athletics events at the 2004 Olympics were obtained from International Association of Athletics Federations archives and binned by lane. Additionally, 12 untrained participants and four trained sprinters performed sprint starts from starting blocks modified to measure horizontal force. The "go" signal, a recorded gunshot, was randomly presented at 80-100-120 dB. RESULTS:Runners closest to the starter at the Olympics had significantly lower RT than those further away. Mean RT for lane 1 (160 ms) was significantly lower than for lanes 2-8 (175 +/- 5 ms), and RT for lane 2 was significantly lower than that for lane 7. Experimentally, increasing "go" signal intensity from 80-100-120 dB significantly decreased RT from 138 +/- 30 to 128 +/- 25 to 120 +/- 20 ms, respectively. Peak force was not influenced by sound intensity. However, time to peak force was significantly lower for the 120 dB compared to the 80-dB "go" signal for untrained but not trained participants. When a startle response was evoked, RT was 18 ms lower than for starts with no startle. Startle did not alter peak force or time to peak force. CONCLUSION:Graded decreases in RT may reflect a summation-mediated reduction in audiomotor transmission time, whereas step-like decreases associated with startle may reflect a bypassing of specific cortical circuits. We suggest that procedures presently used to start the Olympic sprint events afford runners closer to the starter the advantage of hearing the "go" signal louder; consequently, they react sooner but not more strongly than their competitors.
journal_name
Med Sci Sports Exercjournal_title
Medicine and science in sports and exerciseauthors
Brown AM,Kenwell ZR,Maraj BK,Collins DFdoi
10.1249/MSS.0b013e31816770e1subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2008-06-01 00:00:00pages
1142-8issue
6eissn
0195-9131issn
1530-0315journal_volume
40pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Physiological variables must often be scaled for body size differences to permit meaningful comparisons between subjects or groups. This study aimed to determine the proper relationship between body dimensions and left ventricular mass (LVM) via allometric scaling (AS) in 142 subjects (78 males, 64 females; ages 18-40...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005768-199702000-00003
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abstract：PURPOSE:To explore the influence of the epicardial fat (EF) tissue on aspects of heart rate recovery (HRR) and cardiorespiratory fitness (V O2peak) in middle-aged men. METHODS:A cross-sectional analysis of EF thickness was performed on 101 overweight or obese men. The men were categorized into low-EF, moderate-EF, and...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181b8b1f0
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abstract：:The ventilatory stimulating effects of hypoxia occurring at carotid bodies are potentiated by exercise. However, hypoxia also has central ventilatory depressive effects; the potential interactions between this hypoxic depression and exercise have not been studied. We examined the ventilatory response to a 20 min perio...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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更新日期：1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:Slow gait predicts many adverse clinical outcomes in old adults, but the mechanisms of how power training can minimize the age-related loss of gait velocity is unclear. We examined the effects of 10 wk of lower extremity power training and detraining on healthy old adults' lower extremity muscle power and ...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0000000000001082
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000152805.34215.97
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ff294
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000183848.25845.e0
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000227539.58916.35
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1097/00005768-200111000-00014
更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Relatively few studies have assessed the prospective relationship of sedentary lifestyle and coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. We performed a nested case-control study, identifying 50 cases of acute CHD in women and 150 age-matched controls. Risk factors including sedentary lifestyle, cigarette smoking, hypertens...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e318180bc41
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181621311
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000210202.33070.55
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1097/00005768-199708000-00008
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000179102.17183.6b
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181e1fcd5
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0000000000000782
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
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更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2005-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000128145.75199.c3
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182084562
更新日期：2011-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Although independent relationships between sitting behaviors (mainly television viewing) and health outcomes have been reported, few studies have examined the measurement properties of self-report sitting questions. This study assessed gender-specific test-retest reliability and validity of a questionnaire that...
journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c5ec18
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Medicine and science in sports and exercise
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1249/01.mss.0000180359.98241.a2
更新日期：2006-01-01 00:00:00
