Abstract:
:Microglia of the central nervous system serve a variety of functions that may ultimately lead to the development or detriment of neighboring neuronal and vascular cells. These scavengers of the nervous system have been associated with a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, but the toxic potential of microglia is equally balanced by the protective nature of these cells to exclude foreign microorganisms and promote new tissue proliferation and reorganization. To this extent, our work outlines a series of endogenous microglial cellular pathways that can constitute protection for microglia against during oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). We demonstrate in both primary microglia and the microglial cell line EOC 2 that endogenous microglial protection against OGD relies upon the activation and expression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathways of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and protein kinase B (Akt1), since pharmacological inhibition of mTOR or Akt1 as well as the gene silencing of Akt1 protein expression leads to significantly increased microglial apoptotic cell injury, DNA fragmentation, and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure. The mTOR pathway may offer endogenous protection through mechanisms that do not entirely rely upon inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) activity while Akt1 appears to converge upon the necessary blockade of GSK-3beta. Closely aligned to these endogenous protective mechanisms is the subcellular presence and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappaB p65 (NF-kappaB p65), since microglial cell injury is significantly increased during the gene silencing of NF-kappaB p65. Elucidating the underlying pathways that can afford endogenous protection and maintain functional integrity of microglia should offer new prospects for the treatment of a broad range of nervous system disorders.
journal_name
Int J Mol Medjournal_title
International journal of molecular medicineauthors
Chong ZZ,Li F,Maiese Ksubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2007-02-01 00:00:00pages
263-72issue
2eissn
1107-3756issn
1791-244Xjournal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic values of contrast‑enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with diffusion‑weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW‑MRI) in different subtypes of breast cancer (BC). CEUS and DW‑MRI were conducted in 232 patients with BC prior to surgical treatment. Patien...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,收录出版
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3591
更新日期:2018-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously reported on a novel autoantibody in a patient with paraneoplastic sensory-dominant neuropathy. This autoantibody immunostains the rat primary sensory system and reacts with a 47 kDa protein on immunoblotting. Here, we report on the isolation from rat spinal cord of a molecule that is recognized by t...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.1.3.597
更新日期:1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Post-transcriptional control of mRNA trafficking and metabolism plays a critical role in the actualization and fine tuning of the genetic program of cells, both in development and in differentiated tissues. Cis-acting signals, responsible for post-transcriptional regulation, reside in the RNA message itself, usually i...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2014.1629
更新日期:2014-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common disease with high morbidity and mortality. Recovery from ARF is dependent on the replacement of necrotic tubular cells with functional tubular epithelium. Recent advancement in developmental biology led to the discovery of immature mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in bone marrow and ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subsequently to the publication of this article, the authors have realized that the address affiliation for the corresponding author, Chengheng Hu, and the authors Longyun Peng and Xinxue Liao appeared incorrectly. These authors' affiliation information should have appeared as follows (the corrected address affiliatio...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3708
更新日期:2018-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although efavirenz (EFV) is efficacious as an antiretroviral therapy when combined with other antiretroviral drugs, it may cause adverse clinical effects, including skin and mucosal eruptions, central nervous system complications, hepatotoxicity, renal failure and pulmonary complications. The present study investigate...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1327
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are involved in colon cancer and promote tumor progression and recurrence. LGR5, a marker for intestinal stem cells (ISCs), is also considered to serve as a marker for CCSCs. However, the precise function of LGR5 in CCSCs is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that LGR5 was highly e...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2014.1752
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Regulation of the murine Ret gene has only been partially studied, specifically cis-acting promoter elements and related transcription factors, although in vivo experiments have shown the ability of Ret 5' flanking sequences to drive expression of transgenic reporter genes. This work describes the characterization of ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) comprises a spectrum of urogenital anomalies in which part or all of the distal urinary tract fails to close. Several lines of evidence implicate genetic factors in the formation of BEEC. Among them a murine p63+/+ knockout model showed the full picture of classic exst...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000535
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Retinoic acid (RA) analogs have been used in the treatment of a variety of cancers; however, their application is limited due to serious therapy-related sequelae. In the present study, the effects of a novel RA analog, 4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl retinate (ATPR), on the growth of gastric cancer cells were evaluat...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1574
更新日期:2014-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::S100A4, one of the tandemly arranged S100 genes at chromosome 1q21, has been suggested to play a functional role in cell motility and invasiveness of tumor cell growth. We investigated the expression of S100A4 and the in vitro invasiveness of 4 human bile duct adenocarcinoma cell lines by the Matrigel assay. S100A4 wa...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.6.5.539
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is believed to be associated with the abnormal expression of inflammatory factors. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‑dependent transcription factor, which can suppress the inflammatory response and attenuate experimental colitis. However, the detailed ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.3262
更新日期:2018-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Studies have shown that an overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an initiating cause in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. However, uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) can protect retinal vascular endothelial cells from damage by inhibiting the overproduction of mitochondrial ROS, although ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2014.1676
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Altered D-glucose metabolism prevails in the soleus muscle of rats depleted in long-chain polyunsaturated omega3 fatty acids (omega3). In these animals, the prior intravenous injection of an omega3-rich medium-chain triglyceride:fish oil emulsion (omega3-FO rats), as compared to that of an omega3-poor medium-chain tri...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2007-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) inhibits tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), which convert plasminogen to plasmin, a strong proteolytic enzyme. Thus, PAI-1 is a primary and negative regulator of plasmin-driven proteolysis. In ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1234
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The differentiation of atrial fibroblasts into myofibroblasts is a critical event in atrial fibrosis. One of the most important factors in atrial fibroblast differentiation is transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Accumulating evidence indicates that sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) possesses antifibrotic prope...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2087
更新日期:2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chronic asthma is characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and tissue remodeling, leading to subepithelial inflammation. In order to evaluate the anti-asthmatic activity of LX519290, a derivative of L-allo threonine, we performed several in vitro and in vivo anti-asthmatic assays. Using ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitiz...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1265
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Polysialic acid (PSA) is highly expressed during embryonic development, but barely expressed during postnatal development, and may be 're-expressed' in cancer tissues. In this study, motility and migration assays were performed to compare the changes in cell behavior between non-malignant and maligant cells. Next, the...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2015.2395
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tumor microenvironment is thought to affect malignant transformation and tumor progression. The histone methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), has recently been suggested to play a critical role in the tumorigenesis of several types of human cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the ef...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1549
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The tumor suppressor genes p15INK4B and p16INK4A, located in the chromosomal region 9p21, are frequently inactivated by homo- or hemizygous deletions, point mutation or promotor methylation in various types of cancer. No commercial probe is yet available that allows the detection of such deletions by FISH. Long distan...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.7.6.591
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ezrin is a key protein in membrane-cytoskeleton interaction. Expression of ezrin in actin-rich cell surfaces may play a role in the modulation of cell shape and adhesion. The aim of this study was to detect ezrin, actin and cytoskeleton and to explore their relationship in the apoptosis of esophageal epithelial cells ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Periodontitis is the main cause of tooth or tissue loss. Human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), which have high proliferative, self‑renewal and multi‑differentiation abilities, are vital for the restoration of periodontitis‑induced injuries. The anti‑inflammatory and anti‑apoptotic agent, tetramethylpyrazine...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4554
更新日期:2020-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Apelin, the endogenous ligand of APJ which is a member of G protein-coupled receptors, has been shown to be expressed in a variety of tissues in vivo and to exert significant biological effects. Studies have indicated that the apelin/APJ system is involved in the regulation of a variety of physiological functions and ...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2544
更新日期:2016-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leptin is a 147-amino acid adipose tissue-secreted hormone, which acts via several subtypes of receptors, the main and better known variants of which are named Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb. Structure-activity relationship studies pointed out the importance of the N-terminal and C-terminal amino-acid sequences 22-115 and 116-166, r...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The positive effect of low-magnitude, high‑frequency (LMHF) vibration on implant osseointegration has been demonstrated; however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of LMHF vibration on the adhesion and the osteogenic differentiation of bone...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2016.2757
更新日期:2016-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the rapid economic development in recent years, China is facing a great challenge due to heavy metal pollution. The heavy metals may enter the human body through ingestion of aqua products to cause great health risks. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of luteolin on the combined toxicity of multi-heavy...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2017.3219
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We examined whether generation of H2O2 is a critical event for the apoptotic pathway upstream of mitochondrial involvement and caspase-3 protease activation. Perylquinone photosensitizers such as Hypocrellin A (HA), Hypocrellin B (HB) and Hypericin (HY) induced activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis upon photoactivatio...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::A microarray analysis of an animal model with experimental sepsis induced by caecal ligation and puncture revealed that the level of microRNA‑195 (miR‑195) was upregulated. However, to the best of our knowledge, the role of miR‑195 in sepsis remains unknown. The present study investigated the effect of miR‑195 on apop...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2019.4431
更新日期:2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cerebellin (CER) is a regulatory peptide, originally isolated from rat cerebellum, which derives from the cleavage of precerebellin (Cbln), three types of which (Cbln1-3) have been identified in humans and rats. CER is also expressed in several extra-cerebellar tissues, including adrenal gland, and evidence has been p...
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:
更新日期:2005-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::15-Deoxy-∆(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, has been reported to have antiproliferative activity in certain types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on endometrial cancer cells, as well as the mechanism of action....
journal_title:International journal of molecular medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.3892/ijmm.2013.1268
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00