Abstract:
:Neurons in the superficial layers of the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) exhibit distinct tuning properties for visual stimuli, but, unlike neurons in the geniculocortical visual pathway, most respond best to visual stimuli that are smaller than the classical receptive field (RF). The mechanism underlying this size selectivity may depend on the number and pattern of feedforward retinal inputs and/or the balance between inhibition and excitation within the RF. We have previously shown that chronic blockade of NMDA receptors (NMDA-R), which increases the convergence of retinal afferents onto SC neurons, does not alter size selectivity in the SC. This suggests that the number of retinal inputs does not determine size selectivity. Here we show, using single unit extracellular recordings from the SC of normal hamsters, that size selectivity in neurons selective for small stimulus size is correlated with the strength of inhibition within the RF. We also show that dark rearing causes concomitant reductions in both inhibition and size selectivity. In addition, dark rearing increases the percentage of neurons non-selective for stimulus size. Finally, we show that chronic blockade of NMDA-R, a procedure that does not alter size tuning, also does not change the strength of inhibition within the RF. Taken together, these results argue that inhibition within the RF underlies selectivity for small stimulus size and that inhibition must be intact for size tuning to be preserved after developmental manipulations of activity. In addition, these results suggest that regulation of the balance between excitation and inhibition within the RF does not require NMDA-R activity but does depend on visual experience. These results suggest that developmental experience influences neural response properties through an alteration of inhibitory circuitry.
journal_name
Vis Neuroscijournal_title
Visual neuroscienceauthors
Razak KA,Pallas SLdoi
10.1017/S0952523806230062subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2006-09-01 00:00:00pages
741-8issue
5eissn
0952-5238issn
1469-8714pii
S0952523806230062journal_volume
23pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The peripheral visual field is marked by a deterioration in color sensitivity, sometimes attributed to the random wiring of midget bipolar cells to cone photoreceptors in the peripheral retina (Mullen, 1991; Mullen & Kingdom, 1996). Using psychophysical methods, we explored differences in the sensitivity of peripheral...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523803205058
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have developed two brain slice preparations for studying tectofugal visual pathways in the chick: conventional, 400-microns slices ("thin slices"), and "thick slices" which encompass the rostral pole of the optic tectum and the contralateral optic nerve. Stimulation was delivered with a bipolar electrode positioned...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800008622
更新日期:1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Receptive field organization of cone-driven bipolar cells was investigated by intracellular recording in the intact light-adapted retina of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Centered spots and concentric annuli of optimum dimensions were used to selectively stimulate the receptive field center and surround wi...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523811000071
更新日期:2011-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Amacrine cells are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of inhibitory interneurons. Morphologically, they have been divided into approximately 30 types. Although this diversity is probably important to the fine structure and function of the retinal circuit, the amacrine cells have been more generally divid...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000028
更新日期:2012-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Surround enhancement (sensitization) is a poorly understood form of network adaptation in which the kinetics of the responses of retinal neurons to test stimuli become faster, and absolute sensitivity of the responses increases with increasing level of steady, surrounding light. Surround enhancement has been observed ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800006751
更新日期:1995-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The large receptive fields of retinal horizontal cells are thought to reflect extensive electrical coupling via gap junctions. It was shown recently that the biotinylated tracers, biocytin and Neurobiotin, provide remarkable images of coupling between many types of retinal neuron, including horizontal cells. Further, ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800009524
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The human visual system is remarkably tolerant to degradation in image resolution: human performance in scene categorization remains high no matter whether low-resolution images or multimegapixel images are used. This observation raises the question of how many pixels are required to form a meaningful representation o...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523808080930
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the transmitters utilized by extra-thalamic afferents to modulate stimulus-driven neurotransmission and experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. Since these processes also depend on the activation of glutamatergic receptors, cholinergic terminals may exert their effects via d...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800002832
更新日期:1992-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::As a part of ongoing efforts to understand the cholinergic circuitry in the mammalian retina, we studied the coexpression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the GABA transporter 1 (GAT-1), or choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactivity in the rabbit retina. Double-l...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523801181083
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::During early mammalian development, inputs from the two retinas intermix within the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), then segregate during the first postnatal week into layers that receive input from a single retina. Functionally, the LGN also changes markedly during the first postnatal month; early geniculate respon...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523899163107
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the arthropod medulla, which is the second ganglion on the afferent visual pathway, a column of about 40 cells represents each point in space (i.e. compound eye facet). Some stages of visual processing underlying the responses of one class of cells in the locust medulla have been identified. These transient cells g...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800004831
更新日期:1991-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Monocular deprivation (MD) by lid suture is one of the classic paradigms for the study of developmental plasticity in the cerebral cortex, and we have detailed knowledge of its anatomical and physiological consequences as well as underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. However, the effects of other forms of mani...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000260
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The abundance and spatial distribution of retinal cone photoreceptors change during thyroid hormone (TH)-induced and natural development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These changes are thought to allow the fish to adapt to different photic environments throughout its life history. To date, the ontogeny of ra...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806232139
更新日期:2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Synaptically localized calcium channels shape the timecourse of synaptic release, are a prominent site for neuromodulation, and have been implicated in genetic disease. In retina, it is well established that L-type calcium channels play a major role in mediating release of glutamate from the photoreceptors and bipolar...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523804214055
更新日期:2004-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::This paper reviews evidence that the superior colliculus (SC) of the midbrain represents visual direction and certain aspects of saccadic eye movements in the distribution of activity across a population of cells. Accurate and precise eye movements appear to be mediated, in part at least, by cells of the SC that have ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1017/s0952523800000857
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The visual information that first-order cortical cells receive is contained in the visually evoked spike trains of geniculate relay cells. To address functional issues such as the ON/OFF structure of visual cortical receptive fields with modelling studies, a geniculate cell model is needed where the spatial and tempor...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523898156158
更新日期:1998-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::In binocular vision, the lateral displacement of the eyes gives rise to both horizontal and vertical disparities between the images projected onto the left and right retinae. While it is well known that horizontal disparity is exploited by the binocular visual system of birds and mammals to enable depth perception, th...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380118404x
更新日期:2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The period of susceptibility for binocular depth vision was studied in kittens by subjecting them to periods of monocular deprivation beginning at different ages. In an initial study, we found that normally reared kittens can learn a depth-discrimination task much more rapidly when tested binocularly than monocularly,...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800000341
更新日期:1990-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Increment threshold functions of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave were obtained from goldfish using an in vivo preparation to study intraretinal mechanisms underlying the increase in perceived brightness induced by depletion of retinal dopamine by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Goldfish received unilateral intraocular ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380000300x
更新日期:1994-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::We tested the hypothesis that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the transmitter released by barnacle photoreceptors onto postsynaptic cells (I-cells). GABA was applied to I-cells either by superfusion or by ejecting it with pressure from a pipette positioned close to the I-cell's soma. The I-cell's response to GABA wa...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800005496
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Parallel processing of visual information begins at the first synapse in the retina between the photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Ten bipolar cell types have been previously described in the primate retina: one rod and nine cone bipolar types. In this paper, we describe an 11th type of bipolar cell identified in Golgi...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523810000374
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Color vision impairment was examined in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) without retinopathy. We assessed the type and degree of distortions of individual color spaces. DM2 patients (n = 32), and age-matched controls (n = 20) were tested using the Farnsworth D-15 and the Lanthony D-15d tests. In addition, ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806233546
更新日期:2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extrastriate areas TEO and V4 have been associated with form and color vision. Area V4 has also been suggested to participate in processes concerned with attention, stimulus salience, and perceptual learning. In a continuing effort to elucidate the connectional interactions and microcircuitry of these areas, we descri...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800002480
更新日期:1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have described the currents flowing across the presynaptic membranes of the four median photoreceptors of the giant barnacle, Balanus nubilus, using a quasi-voltage clamp arrangement. Membrane potential, measured in the terminal region of one photoreceptor, was controlled in all four terminals by feedback current s...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800003667
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Thresholds for detection of light by a dark-adapted test eye were measured while the other, non-test eye was either similarly dark adapted or while it was exposed to an intense red adapting field. An interocular effect that depends on the retinal location of the test was found: compared to the threshold during binocul...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800005095
更新日期:1992-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Although galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is known to affect the speed and accuracy of visual judgments, the underlying electrophysiological response has not been explored. In the present study, we therefore investigated the effect of GVS on the N170 event-related potential, a marker commonly associated with earl...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523812000235
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inferior temporal (IT) cortex is a "high-order" region of extrastriate visual cortex important for visual form perception and recognition in adult primates. The pattern of cortical afferents from both ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to anterior IT cortex was determined in infant macaque monkeys 7-18 weeks of...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523800011160
更新日期:1994-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Immunocytochemistry and retrograde labeling were used to define the thalamic projections of calbindin- and parvalbumin-containing cells in superficial layers of the rat's superior colliculus (SC). Quantitative analysis revealed that 90.8 +/- 2.2% (mean +/- standard deviation) of the calbindin-immunoreactive neurons in...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s095252380001141x
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The hypothesis that dichromatic behavior on a clinical anomaloscope can be explained by the complement and arrangement of the long- (L) and middle-wavelength (M) pigment genes was tested. It was predicted that dichromacy is associated with an X-chromosome pigment gene array capable of producing only a single functiona...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/s0952523804213293
更新日期:2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Fish of the genus Anableps (Anablepidae, Cyprinodontiformes) have eyes that are adapted for simultaneous aerial and aquatic vision. In this study we investigate some of the corresponding retinal specializations of the adult Anableps anableps eye using retinal transverse sections and wholemounts. The linear dimensions ...
journal_title:Visual neuroscience
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1017/S0952523806230232
更新日期:2006-11-01 00:00:00