Abstract:
:The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) program was established in 1976 by the Cosmetics, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, with the support of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer Federation of America (CFA). CIR performs independent, expert reviews to determine if ingredients used in cosmetics are safe. CIR staff prepares summaries of available data and the CIR Expert Panel reviews the data in open, public meetings. If more data are needed, requests are made. Unpublished studies may be provided, but become public and available for review once summarized in CIR safety assessments. Tentative conclusions are supported with a rationale and public comment is sought. Taking any input into consideration, a final safety assessment monograph is issued. These monographs are submitted for publication in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Toxicology . To date, 1194 individual cosmetic ingredients have been addressed. Of these, 683 were found to be safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration. With qualifications, another 388 have been found safe for use in cosmetics; specific qualifications for each are given. Nine ingredients have been deemed unsafe for use in cosmetics and the safety issue has been described. The available data were found insufficient to support the safety of 114 ingredients; the needed data are listed. Hair dyes represent an important product category reviewed by CIR. In considering hair dyes, the CIR Expert Panel reviews experimental and clinical data specific to the particular chemical structure of each hair dye and reviews epidemiologic studies that address hair dye use that are less specific. Recently the CIR Expert Panel concluded that the available epidemiologic studies are insufficient to conclude there is a causal relationship between hair dye use and cancer and other end points. It is inevitable that new information will become available concerning ingredients for which safety assessments were completed in the early days of the program. To consider new data, the CIR Expert Panel has instituted a re-review program. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), formaldehyde, and parabens are discussed as examples. Safety assessments currently underway are listed, along with high-priority ingredients from which new work will be chosen. Although supported by the cosmetics industry, the CIR program has remained independent in its decision making, based on its open, public process; the integrity of the expert panel members; the participation of the FDA and the CFA; and the cooperation of the cosmetics industry.
journal_name
J Am Acad Dermatoljournal_title
Journal of the American Academy of Dermatologyauthors
Bergfeld WF,Belsito DV,Marks JG Jr,Andersen FAdoi
10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.066subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2005-01-01 00:00:00pages
125-32issue
1eissn
0190-9622issn
1097-6787pii
S0190962204024922journal_volume
52pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Based upon case reports and small case series, it has been known for many years that some types and subtypes of inherited epidermolysis bullosa (EB) may be at risk for developing one or more extracutaneous complications. Many of these are associated with considerable morbidity; some may result in death. Only over the ...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.03.052
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Non-adherence rates are high among patients with psoriasis, partly because of discordance between recommended treatments and individual preferences. OBJECTIVES:Our aim was to assess the impact of comorbidities on patients' preferences for psoriasis treatments. METHODS:A computer-based conjoint analysis exp...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.08.023
更新日期:2012-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Allergic contact dermatitis has been considered the most common of the many dermatologic conditions found with eyelid dermatitis. This is a retrospective study of 203 patients who presented with persistent or recurrent eyelid dermatitis with or without dermatitis elsewhere. Almost all underwent patch testing and, when...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.122736
更新日期:2002-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report the case of an otherwise healthy 37-year-old man who had had bilateral enucleation during early childhood for bilateral retinoblastomas, in addition to two cutaneous melanomas (the first appearing at age 27 years). He also had dysplastic melanocytic nevi and a history of cutaneous melanoma in his mother. Ret...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70322-9
更新日期:1990-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Effective medical treatment for patients with severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is limited. OBJECTIVES:We sought to measure the impact of wide local excision on quality of life in HS Hurley grade III patients and to examine the rate of postoperative complications, disease recurrences, and satisfaction wi...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.01.055
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many factors influence anxiety and satisfaction of patients undergoing Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). OBJECTIVE:We sought to determine the effect of a preoperative educational telephone call on anxiety and satisfaction for patients undergoing same-day office consultation and MMS. METHODS:Patients with sk...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.09.027
更新日期:2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Pigmentary demarcation lines are borders of abrupt transition between more deeply pigmented skin and that of lighter pigmentation. Two patients developed these lines on the lower extremities during pregnancy. ...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(84)70187-3
更新日期:1984-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The great diversity of wounds and the broad range of available dressings complicate the selection of proper chronic wound treatment. Choosing the right treatment is the essential step in the healing process. In this review, we focus on chronic nonhealing ulcers, which are a critical problem in clinical practice, and c...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2011.06.028
更新日期:2013-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study compares the histopathologic characteristics of photodistributed and nonphotodistributed lichenoid drug eruptions in 13 patients. Both types have been said to be, in an unknown proportion, different from idiopathic lichen planus in that they can involve the deep as well as the superficial plexus, can contai...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70275-m
更新日期:1990-10-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Few studies have reported the accuracy of measures used to assess sun-protection practices. Valid measures are critical to the internal validity and use of skin cancer control research. OBJECTIVES:We sought to validate self-reported covering-up practices of pool-goers. METHODS:A total of 162 lifeguards and...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.015
更新日期:2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Novel tretinoin cream and gel formulations have been developed that incorporate polyolprepolymer-2, which is a material designed to help retain drug molecules in and on the skin when applied in topical vehicles. The results of preclinical and clinical investigations have confirmed the beneficial impact of such a vehic...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70139-2
更新日期:1998-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report a case of generalized cutaneous chronic graft-versus-host disease in a 17-month-old infant. Topical treatment with the novel ascomycin substance pimecrolimus once daily for 4 weeks led to a near complete clearance of skin lesions. Importantly, this excellent clinical response was obtained without additional ...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.02.010
更新日期:2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A set of three comparison studies under varying conditions was performed to determine the efficacy of a cotton swab technic for obtaining material for culture of dermatophyte infections. Matched fungal cultures, one by swab and one by scrape, on each of 110 subjects showed that there was no difference in the two metho...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(84)80455-7
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the past two decades, systemic μ-opioid receptor antagonists (MORA) have been used in the treatment of various forms of chronic pruritus. In a number of case reports, case series, and controlled trials, treatment with MORA has demonstrated considerable antipruritic effects. In double-blind controlled studies, s...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.052
更新日期:2010-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Five patients had kerion celsi on the glabrous skin. Four of these were farmers, and one was a veterinarian. The lesions occurred on the distal part of the forearm of four patients and in the breast area of one patient, most occurring during the spring months. Several of the lesions were misdiagnosed as bacterial infe...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(82)70130-6
更新日期:1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this randomized, double-blind, phase III trial, patients with psoriasis received etanercept for 24 weeks or placebo for 12 weeks followed by etanercept for 12 weeks. At week 12, improvement in Dermatology Life Quality Index was 47% to 61% with etanercept compared with 11% with placebo (P < .0001). Etanercept rapidl...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.06.053
更新日期:2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Methotrexate is a useful antimetabolite for the treatment of both benign and malignant proliferative disorders. When the pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity of this drug are understood, treatment regimens can be tailored to the underlying kinetics of the target population. With the appropriate knowledge of the imp...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/0190-9622(91)70199-c
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) often have increased skin sensitivity and this symptom often worsens during stress. OBJECTIVE:We sought to find out whether patients with AD had stinging, and to identify the pathocausal neuroimmune mechanisms, including the role of stress. METHODS:In all, 25 patients w...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.05.035
更新日期:2004-12-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The antioxidants selenium and vitamin E can be effective in reducing acute and chronic ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin damage. OBJECTIVE:This study investigated whether topical L-selenomethionine with topical RRR-alpha-tocopherol (Eol) or oral RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (Eac) can reduce the incidence of UV-...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1067/s0190-9622(03)00900-9
更新日期:2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Interleukin 4 is one of many cytokines under investigation about its possible role in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Transient acantholytic dermatosis is of uncertain origin. It has not previously been linked to drug ingestion and is generally not believed to have an immunologic basis. OBJECTIVE...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70169-t
更新日期:1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a systemic connective tissue disorder involving elastic fiber calcification and fragmentation with major clinical manifestations occurring in the cutaneous, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. Normalization of the serum calcium-phosphate product through hemodialysis in a pre...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.066
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States and accounts for an estimated 1 million new cases per year. In the white population, the rate of new melanomas diagnosed yearly has more than doubled from 5/100,000 in 1973 to 12/100,000 in 1990. The current lifetime risks for white persons are estimat...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1067/mjd.2002.120450
更新日期:2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Erythropoietic protoporphyria is an inherited disorder characterized biochemically by a deficiency of ferrochelatase, the enzyme that catalyzes the incorporation of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin to form heme. We describe a patient who illustrates the unpredictability of the course of liver disease in erythropoietic...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70248-r
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:It is unclear whether the type 2 T helper cell-specific immunosuppressive action of dupilumab interferes with patch testing. OBJECTIVES:We sought to evaluate the reliability of patch testing on dupilumab and the contribution of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to complex dermatitis in patients with residua...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2019.09.028
更新日期:2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:It is unclear whether patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have an altered prevalence or risk for contact sensitization. Increased exposure to chemicals in topical products together with impaired skin barrier function suggest a higher risk, whereas the immune profile suggests a lower risk. OBJECTIVE:To perf...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2017.02.001
更新日期:2017-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::A large variety of underlying conditions and diseases have been associated with zygomycosis. The most common ones include leukemia or lymphoma, burns, renal failure, septicemia, malnutrition, diabetes, cancer, chemotherapy, organ transplantation, and corticosteroid administration. While being ubiquitous in the environ...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(83)80023-1
更新日期:1983-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Dermatomyositis (DM) is an idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. The mainstay of treatment for DM is oral corticosteroids. However, the dose and length of treatment is debated. Adding to the confusion, there have been no randomized controlled studies comparing the use of various corticosteroid doses and taper rates, and n...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.02.043
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The evidence of hairs grouped into well-defined follicular units has given a new vision of hair anatomy and pathology. The sebaceous glands and the arrector pili muscle, as part of the pilosebaceous unit, should be viewed as important parts of this organized follicular unit structure. OBJECTIVE:This study w...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.01.054
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:A scattered generalized distribution (SGD) of dermatitis is a challenging problem; patch testing is a strategy for evaluating allergic contact dermatitis as a relevant factor. OBJECTIVE:We sought to analyze patient characteristics and most frequently relevant positive allergens in patients presenting for pa...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.05.008
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:UNLABELLED:Skin cancer is the most common cancer in human beings. The increased incidence of skin cancer has brought much attention to the process by which these tumors develop and how they can be prevented. Efforts have been made to educate the public about the importance of protecting skin from excessive ultraviolet ...
journal_title:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.062
更新日期:2006-06-01 00:00:00