Abstract：
:The pharmacologic field that studies antimicrobial pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) has had a major impact on the choice and dosing regimens used for many antibiotics especially those used in the treatment of respiratory tract infections. PK/PD parameters are particularly important in light of increasing antimicrobial resistance. Drug pharmacokinetic features, such as serum concentrations over time and area under the concentration-time curve, when integrated with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of antibiotics against pathogens, can predict the probability of bacterial eradication and clinical success. These pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships also are important in preventing the selection and spread of resistant strains and have led to the description of the mutation prevention concentration, which is the lowest concentration of antimicrobial that prevents selection of resistant bacteria from high bacterial inocula. b-lactams are time-dependent agents without significant post-antibiotic effects, resulting in bacterial eradication when unbound serum concentrations exceed MICs of these agents against infecting pathogens for >40% to 50% of the dosing interval. Macrolides, azaolides, and lincosamides are time-dependent agents with prolonged post-antibiotic effects, and fluoroquinolones are concentration-dependent agents, resulting in both cases in bacterial eradication when unbound serum area-under-the-curve to MIC ratios exceed 25 to 30. These observations have led to changes in recommended antimicrobial dosing against respiratory pathogens and are used to assess the role of current agents, develop new formulations, and assess potency of new antimicrobials.
journal_name
Clin Lab Medjournal_title
Clinics in laboratory medicineauthors
Andes D,Anon J,Jacobs MR,Craig WAdoi
10.1016/j.cll.2004.03.009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-06-01 00:00:00pages
477-502issue
2eissn
0272-2712issn
1557-9832pii
S0272271204000253journal_volume
24pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:Rapidly changing technology in the clinical microbiology laboratory requires a highly skilled workforce. The current clinical microbiology workforce is aging with a wave of retirements currently unfolding. Key competencies that will be needed for the next generation of microbiologists include strong analytical skills,...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2019.05.007
更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine is relatively rare in comparison to colorectal carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma of the small intestine arises through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the colon. However, adenocarcinomas arising in the background of inflammatory bowel disease develop through the dysplasia-carcinoma sequ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2013.08.007
更新日期：2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The use of enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical markers has improved our understanding of the biology of lymphoproliferative disorders. These same techniques can now provide practical information when applied to the diagnosis of lymphoproliferative disorders. ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:B-cell lymphomas represent approximately 20% to 25% of primary cutaneous lymphomas. Within this group, most cases (>99%) are encompassed by 3 diagnostic entities: primary cutaneous marginal zone lymphoma, primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma, and primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type. In this...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2017.05.009
更新日期：2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Venous thromboembolism covers a range of conditions from deep vein thrombosis to pulmonary embolism. Treatment aims to alleviate symptoms, minimize acute morbidity and mortality by preventing the extension or potentially fatal embolization of the initial thrombus, and avoid postthrombotic syndrome. Anticoagulant thera...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2014.06.011
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The last decade has witnessed the transformation of first-trimester Down syndrome screening from an aspiration to a clinical reality. First-trimester screening now equals or exceeds the diagnostic accuracy of conventional midtrimester screen while realizing an important desire of pregnant women for early diagnosis. Be...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2010.05.001
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Biochemical prenatal screening was initiated with the use of maternal serum alpha fetoprotein to screen for open neural tube defects. Screening now includes multiple marker and sequential screening protocols involving serum and ultrasound markers to screen for aneuploidy. Recently cell-free DNA screening for aneuploid...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2016.01.004
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Contemporary bacterial serology relevant to medicine involves poly- and monoclonal antibodies to study pathogenic bacteria and nonpathogenic organisms useful in controlling infectious diseases. Monoclonal antibody applications include immunodiagnostics, prophylaxis and serotherapy, and microbial biotechnology and mole...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1985-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development and adaptation of synthetic substrates has introduced new concepts and methodologies to the coagulation laboratory. Synthetic substrates offer potentially improved standardization over conventional testing, providing a rapid, sensitive, and specific way to measure enzymes directly. ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The red cell indices of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration have been standard methods of evaluating anemia since they were developed by Wintrobe in the 1930s. This article discusses the technical variabilities that have rendered the classic red cell indi...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Immunology testing is relevant for the diagnosis of many autoimmune conditions. However, diagnostic pitfalls arise owing to incorrect interpretation of results and incomplete understanding of the underlying technique or immune-mediated condition. Here, we review the diagnostic considerations related to commonly used i...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2019.07.005
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normal thermogenesis requires a complex interaction between systems that generate and dissipate heat. Serving as director of thermogenesis, the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system along with the thyroid and adrenal glands to respond to changes in body temperature. Working in concert, these systems re...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2006.01.007
更新日期：2006-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Objective evidence-based national surveys serve as a first step in identifying suitable point-of-care device designs, effective test clusters, and environmental operating conditions. Preliminary survey results show the need for point-of-care testing (POCT) devices using test clusters that specifically detect pathogens...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.014
更新日期：2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:One of the most vital functions of the vertebrates is to maintain hemostasis through coagulation and fibrinolysis. This is achieved by the interaction of vascular walls with blood components such as cells and proteins (coagulation factors, immunoglobulins, and complement). Deficiency of coagulation factors results in ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:At the present time, the use of molecular techniques for diagnosing the neurologic porphyrias is limited mainly to those laboratories doing research in the area. Because any of four genes may be involved, it is important to confirm the diagnosis in the index case before undertaking molecular investigation. With advanc...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Noninvasive genomic assessments of the fetus while in utero have been made possible by the analysis of cell-free fetal DNA fragments from the serum of pregnant women, as part of a noninvasive prenatal testing screening strategy. Between 7% and 10% of total cell-free DNA in the maternal blood comes from placental troph...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2016.01.018
更新日期：2016-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured i...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2015.02.002
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study examines the relationship between D-dimer concentration and patient age, gender, race, and renal function, and the role of D-dimer concentration as a predictor of in-hospital mortality, in a critically ill patient population. The results demonstrate there is a correlation between increased D-dimer concentra...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2014.06.015
更新日期：2014-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Market forces and service demands are driving a segment of laboratory testing away from centralized laboratories and closer to the patient's bedside. Placed into a historical perspective, this should be neither surprising nor distressing. Terminology is being clarified and professional societies are beginning to take ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Disturbed liver parenchymal cell function adversely impacts on the hemostasis system, the extent of which correlates with the degree of liver disease. Because liver parenchymal cells synthesize most factors of the clotting and the fibrinolytic systems, levels of these procoagulant and anticoagulant as well as profibri...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The importance of food-borne helminthic infections is not well recognized and has not received the same attention as food-borne bacterial infections. Poverty, overpopulation, and cultural practices contribute to conditions that maintain food-borne helminthic infections. The development of better means of transportatio...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:As aerobic creatures, normal living requires that not only are human beings exposed to oxygen but are dependent on oxygen. Humans have evolved mechanisms to cope with living in an aerobic environment; however, modern humans may be more exposed to oxidant stresses. Much indirect evidence implicates reactive oxygen spec...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Control of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection is the foremost public health challenge at the turn of the millennium. Two decades, 22 million fatalities, and 40 million living victims after its discovery, HIV-1 continues its inexorable spread. Over the past few years, scientists have made tremendous ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0272-2712(02)00020-3
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The interpretation of the total serum testosterone concentration is problematic because it is related directly to the serum SHBG concentration.Frequently, an estimate of the serum free testosterone concentration is obtained to better assess the clinical status of the patient. We reviewed five methods for the determina...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/j.cll.2004.01.010
更新日期：2004-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Antiretroviral drugs against HIV infection have been developed that inhibit various stages of the HIV replication cycle. Agents other than reverse transcriptase inhibitors are reviewed with particular attention to those under study in clinical trials, including inhibitors of the virus-encoded protease enzyme. In addit...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Advances in molecular genetics have had a major impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of neurologic disorders. This article discusses molecular genetic contributions to our knowledge of Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as their implications for diagnosis a...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The subject of this article is privacy and its relationship to the activities of health care organizations. Privacy is a good quality that each individual may possess. The quality of an individual's privacy is a personal determination. Although everyday life requires that we attempt to understand and protect the priva...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Chromosome analysis is the genetic technique useful in evaluating endocrine disease. Indications for cytogenetic studies include suspected sex chromosomal aneuploidies as well as repeated fetal wastage. In patients with ambiguous genitalia, cytogenetic studies are mandatory, not only to provide information for assigni...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1984-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The myelodysplastic syndromes are bone marrow stem cell disorders that result in disorderly and ineffective hematopoiesis. They are prognostically heterogenous. Approximately one third of cases evolve to acute myeloid leukemia. Many additional cases terminate in severe bone marrow failure. The French-American-British ...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Cyclosporine (CsA) monitoring has remained controversial since the advent of the use of CsA in organ transplantation in the early 1980s. This article attempts to clarify for the clinical laboratory worker many of the vagaries associated with CsA monitoring by considering choice of sample matrix, the nature of metaboli...
journal_title：Clinics in laboratory medicine
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1991-09-01 00:00:00
