Abstract:
:A case-control study of women less than 40 years of age in England and Wales was performed to evaluate the risk of fatal stroke associated with the use of the newer, low-dose oral contraceptives. Included were 296 cases with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 105 cases with other hemorrhagic stroke, and 21 cases with occlusive stroke, all of which occurred during 1986-1988. Two living controls per case, matched for age and marital status, were chosen from the general practice lists. The power of the study was such that the minimum significant increased relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with ever having used oral contraceptives that could have been detected with 90% certainty was 1.6; the equivalent value for occlusive stroke was 28.4. Relative risk was estimated by conditional logistic regression allowing for matching. The adjusted relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with oral contraceptives was estimated to be 1.1 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.9) for current use and 1.3 (95% CI 0.9-1.8) for ever use, while the equivalent relative risk of an occlusive stroke associated with ever use was 4.4 (95% CI 0.8-24.4). Oral contraceptive use may be associated with a small increase in the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. These data are consistent with a substantial increase in the risk of occlusive stroke associated with oral contraceptive use. :Epidemiologists compared data on 434 cases of fatal stroke which occurred between 1986-88 in England and Wales with data on 1268 living matched controls to determine the association between use of the newer, low dose oral contraceptives (OCs) and the risk of stroke. History of hypertension was significantly associated with a 9-fold rise in the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (p.001) and an 8-fold rise in the risk of any hemorrhagic stroke. History of preeclampsia was also significantly associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (p.01) and any hemorrhagic stroke. Cigarette smoking had a 2.6-fold increased risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (p.001). The epidemiologists found an estimated relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage related to current OC use to be only 1.1 and when they controlled for confounding factors it was still small and insignificant (1.3). The power of the study showed the lowest significant increased relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage related to OC use that epidemiologists could have detected with 90% certainty to be 1.6. When the epidemiologists controlled for confounding factors, the insignificant relative risk of occlusive stroke associated with OC use was 4.4 while the power of the study indicated it to be 28.4. This was consistent with other studies, but other studies found the association to be significant. These findings revealed a possible small increase in the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with OC use.
journal_name
Am J Epidemioljournal_title
American journal of epidemiologyauthors
Thorogood M,Mann J,Murphy M,Vessey Mdoi
10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116418subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1992-07-01 00:00:00pages
35-45issue
1eissn
0002-9262issn
1476-6256journal_volume
136pub_type
杂志文章abstract::The relation of adenocarcinoma of the facial sinuses and exposure to wood dust has been recognized for 20 years. As the tracheobronchial mucosa is similar to that lining the sinuses, a link between bronchial adenocarcinoma and wood dust exposure has been postulated. To test this hypothesis, a case-control study was co...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115444
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Measures of various types of social contacts were used as predictors of ischemic heart disease events and total mortality in an age-stratified random sample of 9,573 adults enrolled in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (Copenhagen, Denmark). Baseline examinations were conducted in 1991-1994, and participants were follow...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi128
更新日期:2005-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::An exact probability test and its asymptotic version are described for testing the hypothesis that clustering of disease observed among population units is likely to have been due to chance alone. The test is based on a scheme for ranking possible arrangements of ill and well persons by degree of clustering, as measur...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113684
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Agreement between frequency and quantitative dietary methods was assessed for the ability of frequency intake data to substitute for quantitative intake data in diet-disease investigations. Frequency and quantitative intakes of 342 male subjects participating in an ongoing case-control study in Hawaii during 1981-1982...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113751
更新日期:1984-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since a positive association between blood pressure and plasma glucose level in child populations has been observed previously, we studied this relationship in a stratified random sample of children ages 7-15 years drawn from a total geographic population. We stratified this population (N = 3524) by diastolic blood pr...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113103
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::This study examined relative hazards for mortality and functional limitations according to poor self-ratings of health using prospective data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, a representative sample of US adults aged 25-74 years that has been followed since the First National Health and Nutrition Exami...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/152.9.874
更新日期:2000-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The relation between passive smoking and lung cancer was examined by means of a case-control study in a cohort of 27,409 nonsmoking Swedish women identified from questionnaires mailed in 1961 and 1963. A total of 77 cases of primary carcinoma of the bronchus or lung were found in a follow-up of the cohort through 1980...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114504
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The health status of 1025 urban senior citizens in a Montreal metropolitan area was determined by a questionnaire based on the subjects' view of physical, mental, and general well-being, and of dependence (indicators of Belloc et al., Berkman, Grogono and Woodgate, and Linn). A principal component analysis was made of...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112820
更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The present report evaluates a method for the determination of the maximal velocity of the outward sodium, potassium, chlorine (Na-K-Cl) cotransport in erythrocytes. The loading procedure was carried out using the ionophore nystatin. The technical error for this assay, based on concurrent analysis of randomized blind ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114602
更新日期:1987-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The aim of this study was to identify individual predisposing risk indicators for falls in a sample of institutionalized frail elderly in southern Germany. The design was a prospective observational study with a 1-year follow-up (October 1998-September 1999). The study population included 472 long-term-care residents ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwg203
更新日期:2003-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Work-related aircraft crashes are the leading cause of occupational fatality in Alaska, with civilian pilots having the highest fatality rate (410/100,000/year). To identify factors affecting survivability, the authors examined work-related aircraft crashes that occurred in Alaska in the 1990s (1990-1999), comparing c...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/154.11.1037
更新日期:2001-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the study of complex diseases, it may be important to test hypotheses related to gene-gene (G x G) interaction. The success of such studies depends critically on obtaining adequate sample sizes. In this paper, the author investigates sample size requirements for studies of G x G interaction, focusing on four study ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/155.5.478
更新日期:2002-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is a paucity of data on basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) in the United States, since most national registries do not collect information on BCC. We evaluated BCC incidence trends and associated risk factors for BCC in 140,171 participants from a U.S. female cohort, the Nurses' Health Study (1986-2006), and a U.S. male...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwt073
更新日期:2013-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::In a multicenter study, the overall correlation between two variables can be broken down into a within- and a between-group correlation reflecting associations at the individual and aggregate levels, respectively. A random-effects model is used to estimate variance components of nutrition-related variables and the wit...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi242
更新日期:2005-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::Population-based and proportional odds ratios for various cancers, based on incidence data from 1974-1977 and mortality data from 1965-1975 for western Washington State, were calculated in relation to three measures of exposure to asbestos in community water supplies. Six odds ratios were calculated for each neoplasm ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113415
更新日期:1982-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::A recent article by Little et al. (Am J Epidemiol 1994;140:544-54) reported that infants in Seattle, Washington, who were breastfed by mothers who smoked gained more weight than either infants who were breastfed by mothers who did not smoke or infants who were bottle-fed by mothers who smoked. In this study, the autho...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009423
更新日期:1998-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Although randomized controlled trials are regarded as the gold standard for comparison of treatments, evidence from observational studies is still relevant. To cope with the problem of possible confounding in these studies, investigators need methods for analyzing their results which adjust for confounders and lead to...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwn010
更新日期:2008-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Data from a case-control study conducted in New York State during 1982-1984 were used to evaluate the relation between alcohol consumption and estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers and alcohol and various histologic subtypes. The cases were women between 20 and 79 years of age with a...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117205
更新日期:1994-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The association between low-level crystalline silica (silica) exposure and mortality risk is not well understood. We investigated a cohort of 44,807 Chinese workers who had worked in metal mines or pottery factories for at least 1 year from January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1974, and were followed through 2003. Low-lev...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwx124
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The authors studied temporal change in the reproducibility of a self-administered food frequency questionnaire. During 1988-1994, 492 residents of a rural Japanese town completed five questionnaires including 27 food items, with intervals ranging from 2 weeks through 5.5 years. The reproducibility decreased steadily o...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117582
更新日期:1995-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors modeled the possible consequences for US cataract incidence of increases in ultraviolet B radiation due to ozone depletion. Data on the dose-response relation between ocular exposure to ultraviolet B radiation and cortical cataract were derived from a population-based study (the Salisbury Eye Evaluation Pr...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi329
更新日期:2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors assessed the relation between cigarette smoking and nonspecific inflammatory bowel disease in a case-control study of 124 cases of ulcerative colitis, 109 cases of Crohn's disease, and 250 age- and sex-matched control subjects in hospital for acute nongastric or intestinal conditions unrelated to smoking. ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114550
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Time-series studies have linked daily variations in nonaccidental deaths with daily variations in ambient particulate matter air pollution, while controlling for qualitatively larger influences of weather and season. Although time-series analyses typically include nonlinear terms for weather and season, questions rema...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwi157
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cardiovascular morbidity has been associated with particulate matter (PM) air pollution, although the relation between pollutants and sudden death from cardiac arrest has not been established. This study examined associations between out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and fine PM (of aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm, or PM(2...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwq217
更新日期:2010-10-15 00:00:00
abstract::Neutralizing antibodies to the Inoue-Melnick virus were detected in healthy adults in Osaka and in Houston. For adults, the prevalence rate for the cross-reacting type 3 virus was 13.8 per cent in Osaka and 29.1 per cent in Houston. Antibodies were also found in immune serum globulin prepared from American adults, but...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114560
更新日期:1987-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity (body mass index >or=30 kg/m(2)) is a growing urban health concern, but few studies have examined whether, how, or why obesity prevalence has changed over time within cities. This study characterized the individual- and neighborhood-level determinants and distribution of obesity in New York City from 2003 to 2...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwp458
更新日期:2010-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The authors examined associations between exposure to aluminum or silica from drinking water and risk of cognitive decline, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease among elderly subjects followed for 15 years (1988-2003). They actively searched for incident cases of dementia among persons aged 65 years or over living in 91 ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/aje/kwn348
更新日期:2009-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Longitudinal cohort studies normally identify and adjudicate incident events detected during follow-up by retrieving medical records. There are several reasons why the adjudication process may not be successfully completed for a suspected event including the inability to retrieve medical records from hospitals and an ...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章,多中心研究
doi:10.1093/aje/kwr155
更新日期:2011-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::High prevalences of anencephaly and neural tube defects (NTDs) have recently been recorded for several Texas counties bordering Mexico. In addition, a few investigators have reported Hispanics to be at elevated risk for NTDs (anencephaly and spina bifida). Factors contributing to this risk have not been established. T...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008647
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The possibility that hepatitis B is transmitted venereally was examined by determining the prevalence of hepatitis B antibody (anti-HB(S)) in populations with different levels of promiscuity. Of 258 prostitutes, 31% were anti-HB(S) positive, compared to 10% of 258 female age-matched blood donors, 10% of 48 nuns living...
journal_title:American journal of epidemiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112153
更新日期:1975-09-01 00:00:00