Abstract：
:Appropriate preconception health care improves pregnancy outcomes. When started at least one month before conception, folic acid supplements can prevent neural tube defects. Targeted genetic screening and counseling should be offered on the basis of age, ethnic background, or family history. Before conception, women should be screened for human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis infection and begin treatment to prevent the transmission of disease to the fetus. Immunizations against hepatitis B, rubella, and varicella should be completed, if needed. Women should be counseled on ways to prevent infection with toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B19. Environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke, alcohol, and street drugs, and chemicals such as solvents and pesticides should be avoided. In women with diabetes, it is important to optimize disease control through intensive management before pregnancy. Medications for hypertension, epilepsy, thromboembolism, depression, and anxiety should be reviewed and changed, if necessary, before the patient becomes pregnant. Counseling about exercise, obesity, nutritional deficiencies, and the overuse of vitamins A and D is beneficial. Physicians may also choose to discuss occupational and financial issues related to pregnancy and to screen patients for domestic violence.
journal_name
Am Fam Physicianjournal_title
American family physicianauthors
Brundage SCsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-06-15 00:00:00pages
2507-14issue
12eissn
0002-838Xissn
1532-0650journal_volume
65pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Post-traumatic stress disorder evolved from the concepts of shell shock and traumatic war neurosis. In Vietnam veterans, the disorder is associated with unemployment, marital discord, alcoholism and increased autonomic system response to perceived symbols of war trauma. A combination of psychotherapy and pharmacothera...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During the past decade, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis has emerged as a successful alternative to hemodialysis in the treatment of chronic renal failure. Performed continuously, peritoneal dialysis achieves total transfer comparable to hemodialysis and removes peptides faster. Studies have shown that surviv...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peripartum depression affects up to one in seven women and is associated with significant maternal and neonatal morbidity if untreated. A history of depression is the strongest risk factor for developing peripartum depression. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening pregnant and postpartum women f...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2016-05-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Pharmacologic agents that attenuate the influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are known to reduce systemic arterial blood pressure through vasodilatory action and enhanced renal clearance of sodium and water. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are known to antagonize the renin-angiotensin-aldoste...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although clinical evaluation remains the cornerstone in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the ancillary study of choice. An important diagnostic tool, MRI can also be used to assess disease load, activity and progression, and distinguish between acute and chronic lesi...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1993-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A clear perception of the psychologic factors affecting both the physician and the patient can greatly influence the course of therapy in diabetes. Genuine, realistic assessment and acceptance of the limitations inherent in physician-patient interactions will lead to considerably more satisfying personal and professio...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary therapy for anaphylaxis is epinephrine, which should be stocked in the office in the appropriate dilution (1:1,000). Antihistamines and corticosteroids are useful adjunctive agents that may be given in the office. Patients with progressive or severe symptoms should be transferred immediately to a facility ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Careful examination of a fresh, properly collected urine specimen can indicate the presence of urinary tract disease or uncover unsuspected local or systemic pathology. Urinalysis also can lead to a more complete understanding of a systemic disorder or can assure both the patient and the physician that urinary tract d...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Amputated or devascularized digits should be appropriately cooled as quickly as possible. The injured extremity is dressed, splinted and elevated. Careful selection of patients for replantation has yielded satisfying results to both patients and surgeons. Replantation is indicated for a thumb or multiple-digit amputat...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nitrates are frequently found in vegetables and ground water. Nitrate levels in ground water have increased over the past two decades because of the heightened use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Following ingestion, nitrates are converted to nitrites by fecal organisms. Nitrites are absorbed and form methemoglobin, which...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eating disorders are potentially life-threatening conditions characterized by disordered eating and weight-control behaviors that impair physical health and psychosocial functioning. Early intervention may decrease the risk of long-term pathology and disability. Clinicians should interpret disordered eating and body i...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Celiac disease is a genetic, immunologically mediated small bowel enteropathy that causes malabsorption. The immune inflammatory response to gluten frequently causes damage to many other tissues of the body. The condition is frequently underdiagnosed because of its protean presentations. New prevalence data indicate t...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Self-induced injury of one or more of the extremities may represent a distinct variety of Munchausen syndrome. The nature of the injury may be infectious, dermatologic or orthopedic. The mechanism may be secondary gain or another unconscious motivation that causes a craving for attention. In many cases, the underlying...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The clinical course is highly variable. The chance of recurrence is about 60 percent. Patients are infectious when lesions are present and, to a lesser extent, when asymptomatic virus shedding occurs. The chain of transmission can be difficult to ascertain. Transmission to the neonate is the most feared complication. ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Nephrolithiasis is a rare but important condition in pregnant women. The most common presenting complaint is flank pain. Recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections may also be due to nephrolithiasis. Ultrasound is the first-line diagnostic study, but a limited intravenous pyelogram can be obtained when indicated...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1989-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Concussion is the most common head injury in sports. The injury ranges from a simple "ding" to prolonged loss of consciousness with amnesia. Proper grading of the severity of the injury is necessary to establish a protocol for deciding when to allow an athlete to return to his or her sport. This approach to concussion...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1994-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVES:People with acute bronchitis may show little evidence of bacterial infection. If effective, antibiotics could shorten the course of the disease. However, if they are not effective, the risk of antibiotic resistance may be increased. The objective of this review was to assess the effects of antibiotic treatme...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,meta分析
doi：
更新日期：2001-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Use of complementary and alternative medicine has increased over the past decade. A variety of studies have suggested that this use is greater in persons with symptoms or diagnoses of anxiety and depression. Data support the effectiveness of some popular herbal remedies and dietary supplements; in some of these produc...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2007-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Although VDRL and RPR tests are excellent screens for syphilis, false-positive reactions do occur. A positive VDRL or RPR test must be confirmed with an FTA-ABS test. Patients with positive serologic tests should have a thorough physical examination to determine the stage of syphilis. A patient with a low-titer VDRL o...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peritonsillar abscess remains the most common deep infection of the head and neck. The condition occurs primarily in young adults, most often during November to December and April to May, coinciding with the highest incidence of streptococcal pharyngitis and exudative tonsillitis. A peritonsillar abscess is a polymicr...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Alopecia can be divided into disorders in which the hair follicle is normal but the cycling of hair growth is abnormal and disorders in which the hair follicle is damaged. Androgenetic alopecia is the most common cause of hair loss in women. Other disorders include alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, cicatricial alope...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Although heart failure is a common clinical syndrome, especially in the elderly, its diagnosis is often missed. A detailed clinical history is crucial and should address not only current signs and symptoms of heart failure but also signs and symptoms that point to a specific cause of the syndrome, such as coronary art...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Many patients in primary care present with ear pain (otalgia). When the ear is the source of the pain (primary otalgia), the ear examination is usually abnormal. When the ear is not the source of the pain (secondary otalgia), the ear examination is typically normal. The cause of primary otalgia is usually apparent on ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2008-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rational use of psychoactive drugs in frail elderly patients requires an understanding of the physiologic changes produced by aging and chronic disease. Other drugs being used and the patient's nutritional status and lifestyle also must be considered. Affective disorders and thought disorders may be effectively treate...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Most side effects of oral contraceptives can be attributed to an excess or a deficiency of estrogen or progestin. Knowledge of the relative amounts of estrogen and progestin in the available preparations permits a rational adjustment of dosage if side effects occur. With this information, nearly every woman who wants ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary immunodeficiencies include a variety of disorders that render patients more susceptible to infections. If left untreated, these infections may be fatal. The disorders constitute a spectrum of more than 80 innate defects in the body's immune system. Primary immunodeficiencies generally are considered to be rela...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Prisoners in U.S. correctional facilities constitute a unique patient population in need of health services. Physicians who provide medical services to inmates also must interact with prison officials. Drug withdrawal, self-destructive behavior and infectious diseases, including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The acute and chronic effects of alcohol on bone, muscle and peripheral nerves are not well appreciated. Bone complications include traumatic fractures, osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. In muscle, a sustained bout of heavy drinking may cause rhabdomyolysis, while chronic alcohol abuse may produce proximal myopathy. In ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Gait disorders in the elderly are common and in most cases cannot be treated medically or surgically. Therefore, treatment often relies on ambulatory devices such as canes, crutches, and walkers. Before selecting a device, the patient should be evaluated to define whether one or both upper extremities are required to ...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2003-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Proteinuria is a common laboratory finding in children. It can be identified as either a transient or a persistent finding and can represent a benign condition or a serious disease. A rapid but qualitative assessment of proteinuria can be made using dipstick or sulfosalicylic acid methods. More precise quantitation is...
journal_title：American family physician
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：1998-10-01 00:00:00
