Abstract：
:We demonstrate here that the previously described bacterial promoter upstream element (UP element) consists of two distinct subsites, each of which, by itself, can bind the RNA polymerase holoenzyme alpha subunit carboxy-terminal domain (RNAP alphaCTD) and stimulate transcription. Using binding-site-selection experiments, we identify the consensus sequence for each subsite. The selected proximal subsites (positions -46 to -38; consensus 5'-AAAAAARNR-3') stimulate transcription up to 170-fold, and the selected distal subsites (positions -57 to -47; consensus 5'-AWWWWWTTTTT-3') stimulate transcription up to 16-fold. RNAP has subunit composition alpha(2)betabeta'sigma and thus contains two copies of alphaCTD. Experiments with RNAP derivatives containing only one copy of alphaCTD indicate, in contrast to a previous report, that the two alphaCTDs function interchangeably with respect to UP element recognition. Furthermore, function of the consensus proximal subsite requires only one copy of alphaCTD, whereas function of the consensus distal subsite requires both copies of alphaCTD. We propose that each subsite constitutes a binding site for a copy of alphaCTD, and that binding of an alphaCTD to the proximal subsite region (through specific interactions with a consensus proximal subsite or through nonspecific interactions with a nonconsensus proximal subsite) is a prerequisite for binding of the other alphaCTD to the distal subsite.
journal_name
Genes Devjournal_title
Genes & developmentauthors
Estrem ST,Ross W,Gaal T,Chen ZW,Niu W,Ebright RH,Gourse RLdoi
10.1101/gad.13.16.2134subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-08-15 00:00:00pages
2134-47issue
16eissn
0890-9369issn
1549-5477journal_volume
13pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Spindle checkpoint silencing is a critical step during mitosis that initiates chromosome segregation, yet surprisingly little is known about its mechanism. Protein phosphatase I (PP1) was shown recently to be a key player in this process, and in this issue of Genes & Deverlopment, Akiyoshi and colleagues (pp. 2887-289...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1101/gad.1882109
更新日期：2009-12-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Recombination catalyzed by the Flp site-specific recombinase involves breakage and joining of four DNA strands between two target substrates. The reaction is carried out in two steps of pairwise strand exchanges by a DNA-protein assembly in which four Flp monomers act cooperatively to execute strand cleavage and joini...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.11.18.2438
更新日期：1997-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Inspired by a zebrafish mutation, two recent studies by Creanga and colleagues (pp. 1312-1325) and Tukachinsky and colleagues have shed new light on the way in which lipidated Hedgehog proteins are secreted and released from expressing cells, suggesting a model for the sequential action of the Disp and Scube2 proteins...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 评论,杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.207126.112
更新日期：2012-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The current model for endocrine cell specification in the pancreas invokes high-level production of the transcription factor Neurogenin 3 (Neurog3) in Sox9(+) bipotent epithelial cells as the trigger for endocrine commitment, cell cycle exit, and rapid delamination toward proto-islet clusters. This model posits a tran...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.284729.116
更新日期：2016-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hox-2 locus on chromosome 11 represents one of the major clusters of homeo-box-containing genes in the mouse. We have identified two new members (Hox-2.6 and Hox-2.7), which form part of this cluster of seven linked genes, and it appears that the Hox-2 locus is related by duplication and divergence to at least one...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2.11.1424
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sequence-specific DNA binding by the origin recognition complex (ORC) is responsible for selecting origins of DNA replication. In metazoans, origin selection is poorly understood and it is unknown whether specific DNA binding by metazoan ORC controls replication. To address this ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.13.20.2639
更新日期：1999-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:While microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the vast majority of protein-encoding transcripts, little is known about how miRNAs themselves are degraded. We recently described Tudor-staphylococcal/micrococcal-like nuclease (TSN)-mediated miRNA decay (TumiD) as a cellular pathway in which the nuclease TSN promotes the decay of mi...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.303537.117
更新日期：2017-07-15 00:00:00
abstract：:We have used the 100-kD HeLa cell octamer-binding protein OBP100 as a model to study flexible DNA sequence recognition by promoter-binding proteins. OBP100 binds to the conserved octamer motif ATGCAAAT found in numerous promoters and additionally to two degenerate octamer motifs (sites I and II) within the SV40 enhanc...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.2.11.1400
更新日期：1988-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genetic screening and selection procedures employing a secA-lacZ fusion strain repeatedly have yielded mutations in four genes affecting the protein export pathway of Escherichia coli. These genes are secA, secD, prlA/secY, and secE. We discuss the significance of the failure to find new sec genes after extensive use ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.3.7.1035
更新日期：1989-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Notch signaling pathway is essential for embryonic vascular development in vertebrates. Here we show that mouse embryos heterozygous for a targeted mutation in the gene encoding the DLL4 ligand exhibit haploinsufficient lethality because of defects in vascular remodeling. We also describe vascular defects in embry...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1239204
更新日期：2004-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:In response to skeletal muscle injury, satellite cells, which function as a myogenic stem cell population, become activated, expand through proliferation, and ultimately fuse with each other and with damaged myofibers to promote muscle regeneration. Here, we show that members of the Myocardin family of transcriptional...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.179663.111
更新日期：2012-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:AAUAAA is the most highly conserved motif in eukaryotic mRNA polyadenylation sites and, in mammals, is specifically recognized by the multisubunit CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor) complex. Despite its critical functions in mRNA 3' end formation, the molecular basis for CPSF-AAUAAA interaction rem...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.250993.114
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We have investigated the role of erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) in expression of the human beta-globin genes in compound EKLF knockout/human beta-locus transgenic mice. EKLF affects only the adult mouse beta-globin genes in homozygous knockout mice; heterozygous mice are unaffected. Here we show that EKLF knocko...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.10.22.2894
更新日期：1996-11-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The kinases ATM and ATR (Tel1 and Mec1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) control the response to DNA damage. We report that S. cerevisiae Tel2 acts at an early step of the TEL1/ATM pathway of DNA damage signaling. We show that Tel1 and Tel2 interact, and that even when Tel1 protein levels are high, this interacti...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1646208
更新日期：2008-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The number of known long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) functions is rapidly growing, but how those functions are encoded in their sequence and structure remains poorly understood. NORAD (noncoding RNA activated by DNA damage) is a recently characterized, abundant, and highly conserved lncRNA that is required for proper mitot...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.309138.117
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Rad51 and Lim15 proteins of lily, which are homologs of the bacterial RecA protein, were found on chromosomes in various stages of meiotic prophase 1. The presence of both Rad51 and Lim15 proteins as discrete foci on leptotene and zygotene chromosomes and their colocalization suggest that meiotic recombination beg...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.8.925
更新日期：1995-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Pcf11 is one of numerous proteins involved in pre-mRNA 3'-end processing and transcription termination. Using elongation complexes (ECs) formed from purified yeast RNA polymerase II (Pol II), we show that a 140-amino acid polypeptide from yeast Pcf11 is capable of dismantling the EC in vitro. This action depends on th...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1296305
更新日期：2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The liver is a unique organ with a remarkably high potential to regenerate upon injuries. In severely damaged livers where hepatocyte proliferation is impaired, facultative liver progenitor cells (LPCs) proliferate and are assumed to contribute to regeneration. An expansion of LPCs is often observed in patients with v...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.204776.112
更新日期：2013-01-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric CNS malignancy. We identify EAG2 as an overexpressed potassium channel in MBs across different molecular and histological subgroups. EAG2 knockdown not only impairs MB cell growth in vitro, but also reduces tumor burden in vivo and enhances survival in xenograft studie...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.193789.112
更新日期：2012-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The homeless (hls) gene of Drosophila is required for anteroposterior and dorsoventral axis formation during oogenesis. At a low frequency, females homozygous for mutations in hls generate early egg chambers in which the oocyte is positioned incorrectly within the cyst. At a high frequency, late-stage egg chambers exh...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.9.20.2495
更新日期：1995-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The cytokine-activated Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway plays an important role in the control of a wide variety of biological processes. When misregulated, JAK/STAT signaling is associated with various human diseases, such as immune disorders and tumorigenesis. To gai...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1320705
更新日期：2005-08-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Amplification of 8p11-12 in human breast cancers is associated with increased proliferation and tumor grade and reduced metastasis-free patient survival. We identified Zeppo1 (zinc finger elbow-related proline domain protein 1) (FLJ14299/ZNF703) within this amplicon as a regulator of cell adhesion, migration, and prol...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1998111
更新日期：2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (ATRTs) are challenging pediatric brain cancers that are predominantly associated with inactivation of the gene SMARCB1, a conserved subunit of the chromatin remodeling BAF complex, which has known contributions to developmental processes. To identify potential interactions between SM...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.339978.120
更新日期：2020-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The yeast HO gene is transcribed transiently during G1 as cells undergo START. START-specific HO activation requires two proteins, SWI4 and SWI6, which act via a motif (CACGA4) repeated up to 10 times within the URS2 region of the HO promoter. We identified a DNA-binding activity containing SWI4 and SWI6 that recogniz...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.5.11.2000
更新日期：1991-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Wnt pathway controls numerous developmental processes via the beta-catenin-TCF/LEF transcription complex. Deregulation of the pathway results in the aberrant accumulation of beta-catenin in the nucleus, often leading to cancer. Normally, cytoplasmic beta-catenin associates with APC and axin and is continuously pho...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.230302
更新日期：2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The transcription factor NF-kappaB is a critical regulator of inflammatory and cell survival signals. Proteasomal degradation of NF-kappaB subunits plays an important role in the termination of NF-kappaB activity, and at least one of the identified ubiquitin ligases is a multimeric complex containing Copper Metabolism...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1748409
更新日期：2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Integrin receptors for extracellular matrix are critical for cell motility, but the signals that determine when to stop are not known. Analysis of distal tip cell (DTC) migration during gonadogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans has revealed the importance of transcription factor vab-3/Pax6 in regulating the alpha integr...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.1534807
更新日期：2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins controls many aspects of animal development. In Drosophila, Hh transduces its signal via Cubitus interruptus (Ci), a transcription factor present in two forms: a full-length activator and a carboxy-terminally truncated repressor that is derived from the full-length form by...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.13.21.2828
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic mechanism by which genes are expressed in a parental origin-dependent manner. We recently discovered that, like DNA methylation, oocyte-inherited H3K27me3 can also serve as an imprinting mark in mouse preimplantation embryos. In this study, we found H3K27me3 is strongly biased towar...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.323105.118
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The genes pannier (pnr) and u-shaped (ush) are required for the regulation of achaete-scute during establishment of the bristle pattern in Drosophila. pnr encodes a protein belonging to the GATA family of transcription factors, whereas ush encodes a novel zinc finger protein. Genetic interactions between dominant pnr ...
journal_title：Genes & development
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1101/gad.11.22.3096
更新日期：1997-11-15 00:00:00
