Abstract:
:Cryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes meningitis in patients immunocompromised by AIDS, chemotherapy, organ transplantation, or high-dose steroids. Current antifungal drug therapies are limited and suffer from toxic side effects and drug resistance. Here, we defined the targets and mechanisms of antifungal action of the immunosuppressant rapamycin in C. neoformans. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in T cells, rapamycin forms complexes with the FKBP12 prolyl isomerase that block cell cycle progression by inhibiting the TOR kinases. We identified the gene encoding a C. neoformans TOR1 homolog. Using a novel two-hybrid screen for rapamycin-dependent TOR-binding proteins, we identified the C. neoformans FKBP12 homolog, encoded by the FRR1 gene. Disruption of the FKBP12 gene conferred rapamycin and FK506 resistance but had no effect on growth, differentiation, or virulence of C. neoformans. Two spontaneous mutations that confer rapamycin resistance alter conserved residues on TOR1 or FKBP12 that are required for FKBP12-rapamycin-TOR1 interactions or FKBP12 stability. Two other spontaneous mutations result from insertion of novel DNA sequences into the FKBP12 gene. Our observations reveal that the antifungal activities of rapamycin and FK506 are mediated via FKBP12 and TOR homologs and that a high proportion of spontaneous mutants in C. neoformans result from insertion of novel DNA sequences, and they suggest that nonimmunosuppressive rapamycin analogs have potential as antifungal agents.
journal_name
Mol Cell Bioljournal_title
Molecular and cellular biologyauthors
Cruz MC,Cavallo LM,Görlach JM,Cox G,Perfect JR,Cardenas ME,Heitman Jdoi
10.1128/mcb.19.6.4101subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1999-06-01 00:00:00pages
4101-12issue
6eissn
0270-7306issn
1098-5549journal_volume
19pub_type
杂志文章abstract::An in silico screen for myogenic long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) revealed nine lncRNAs that are upregulated more than 10-fold in myotubes versus levels in myoblasts. One of these lncRNAs, MyoD upstream noncoding (MUNC, also known as DRR(eRNA)), is encoded 5 kb upstream of the transcription start site of MyoD, a myogenic...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.01079-14
更新日期:2015-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The connections between various nuclear processes and specific histone posttranslational modifications are dependent to a large extent on the acquisition of those modifications after histone synthesis. The reestablishment of histone posttranslational modifications after S phase is especially critical for H3K9 and H3K2...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.06673-11
更新日期:2012-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) regulates both the cell cycle and tissue-specific transcription, by modulating the activity of factors that associate with its A-B and C pockets. In skeletal muscle, Rb has been reported to regulate irreversible cell cycle exit and muscle-specific transcription. To identify factors inte...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.20.23.8903-8915.2000
更新日期:2000-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::First characterized in Trypanosoma brucei, the spliced leader-associated (SLA) RNA gene locus has now been isolated from the kinetoplastids Leishmania tarentolae and Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition to the T. brucei SLA RNA, both L. tarentolae and T. cruzi SLA RNA repeat units also yield RNAs of 75 or 76 nucleotides (nt...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.18.8.4409
更新日期:1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Posttranslational modification of general transcription factors may be an important mechanism for global gene regulation. The general transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) binds to the TATA binding protein (TBP) and is essential for high-level transcription mediated by various activators. Modulation of the TFIIA-TBP intera...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2846
更新日期:1999-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::A gene assigned to human chromosome 1q32-41 encodes a novel protein of 3,113 amino acids containing an internal tandem repeat of 177 amino acids. The protein, which we have named "mitosin," was identified by direct binding to purified retinoblastoma protein in vitro with a region distantly related to the retinoblastom...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.15.9.5017
更新日期:1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::SRC family kinases play essential roles in a variety of cellular functions, including proliferation, survival, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activities of these kinases are regulated by intramolecular interactions and by heterologous binding partners that modulate the transition between active and inactive struc...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.20.16.5865-5878.2000
更新日期:2000-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In CBFbeta-SMMHC, core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) is fused to the alpha-helical rod domain of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC). We generated Ba/F3 hematopoietic cells expressing a CBFbeta-SMMHC variant lacking 28 amino acids homologous to the assembly competence domain (ACD) required for multimerization of ...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.22.23.8278-8291.2002
更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the Spalt gene family encode putative transcription factors characterized by seven to nine C2H2 zinc finger motifs. Four genes have been identified in mice--Spalt1 to Spalt4 (Sall1 to Sall4). Spalt homologues are widely expressed in neural and mesodermal tissues during early embryogenesis. Sall3 is normally...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.24.16.7102-7112.2004
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Sry-related high-mobility-group box transcription factor Sox9 recruits the redundant L-Sox5 and Sox6 proteins to effect chondrogenesis, but the mode of action of the trio remains unclear. We identify here a highly conserved 359-bp sequence 10 kb upstream of the Agc1 gene for aggrecan, a most essential cartilage pr...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.00695-08
更新日期:2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Our recent studies implicated key and distinct roles for the highly related RalA and RalB small GTPases (82% sequence identity) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumorigenesis and invasive and metastatic growth, respectively. How RalB may promote PDAC invasion and metastasis has not been determined. In light ...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.06291-11
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Changes in chromatin composition are often a prerequisite for gene induction. Nonallelic histone variants have recently emerged as key players in transcriptional control and chromatin modulation. While the changes in chromatin accessibility and histone posttranslational modification (PTM) distribution that accompany g...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.01590-08
更新日期:2009-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have been interested in how Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) influences transformed cell morphology and compared the molecular properties of chicken embryo cells (CEC) infected with mutants of RSV that induce the fusiform transformed cell morphology with those of CEC infected by wild-type RSV, which induces the more normal...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.5.11.3097
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Surf-3 gene of the unusually tight mouse Surfeit locus gene cluster has been identified as the highly conserved ribosomal protein gene L7a (rpL7a). The topography and juxtaposition of the Surfeit locus genes are conserved for the 600 million years of divergent evolution between mammals and birds. This suggests cis...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.15.5.2367
更新日期:1995-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Interleukin 4 (IL-4), an immunoregulatory cytokine, is produced only by a subset of activated T cells and cells of the mast cell-basophil lineage. The production of IL-4 by mast cells likely represents a significant source of this protein in local immune-inflammatory responses in the skin, brain, gastrointestinal, and...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.16.1.228
更新日期:1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::A 215-base-pair (bp) region of the mouse MOPC 41 kappa light-chain immunoglobulin gene enhancer has been analyzed for specific binding of lymphoid and nonlymphoid nuclear factors. Mobility shift assays with a series of overlapping DNA fragments have mapped DNA-binding sites for three unique factors. The B-cell-specifi...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.9.10.4239
更新日期:1989-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::TRPV5 and TRPV6 are the most Ca2+-selective members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels and play a pivotal role in the maintenance of Ca2+ balance in the body. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling the plasma membrane abundance of these channels to regulate epithelia...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.26.1.303-312.2006
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Most mammalian genes produce transcripts whose 3' ends are processed at multiple alternative positions by cleavage/polyadenylation (CPA). Poly(A) site cleavage frequently occurs cotranscriptionally and is facilitated by CPA factor binding to the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphorylated on Ser2...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.00898-15
更新日期:2015-11-02 00:00:00
abstract::To interrogate genes essential for cell growth, proliferation and survival in human cells, we carried out a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 screen in a B-cell lymphoma line using a custom extended-knockout (EKO) library of 278,754 single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that targe...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.00302-17
更新日期:2017-12-13 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of adult myoblasts called satellite cells during muscle degeneration is an important aspect of muscle regeneration. Satellite cells are believed to be the only myogenic stem cells in adult skeletal muscle and the source of regenerating muscle fibers. Upon activation, satellite cells proliferate, migrate to ...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.17.9.5550
更新日期:1997-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) regulates immune defenses against viruses, intracellular pathogens, and tumors by modulating cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and vesicle trafficking processes. The large GTPase guanylate binding protein 1 (GBP-1) is among the cellular proteins that is the most abundantly induced by IF...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.00664-13
更新日期:2014-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The proteins encoded by both viral and cellular forms of the c-myc oncogene have been previously demonstrated to have exceptionally short in vivo half-lives. In this paper we report a comparative study on the parameters affecting turnover of nuclear oncoproteins c-myc, c-myb, and the rapidly metabolized cytoplasmic en...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.8.6.2504
更新日期:1988-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A monoclonal antibody (MAb 30B6) was recently described by Rogalski and Singer (J. Cell Biol. 101:785-801, 1985) which identified an integral membrane glycoprotein of chicken cells that was associated with a wide variety of sites of actin microfilament attachments to membranes. In this report, we present a further cha...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.8.2.564
更新日期:1988-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family consists of a large group of evolutionarily and structurally divergent glycoproteins. The murine CEACAM9 and CEACAM11-related proteins as well as the pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSG) are secreted members of the CEA family which are differentially expressed in fetal troph...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.23.1.272-279.2003
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The class II transactivator (CIITA) is induced by gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and activates major histocompatibility complex class II; however, this report shows it suppresses other genes. An N-terminal 36 amino acids of CIITA mediates suppression of the collagen alpha(2)(I) promoter via binding to CREB-binding prote...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.21.20.7078-7088.2001
更新日期:2001-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::An increased level of unpolymerized tubulin caused by depolymerization of microtubules in sea urchin larvae resulted in a rapid loss of tubulin mRNA, which was prevented by nearly complete inhibition of protein synthesis. Results of an RNA run-on assay indicated that inhibition of protein synthesis does not alter tubu...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.8.8.3518
更新日期:1988-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The minimal muscle-specific dystrophin promoter contains the consensus sequence CC(A/T)6GG, or the CArG element, which can be found in serum-inducible or muscle-specific promoters. The serum response factor (SRF), which mediates the transcriptional activation of the c-fos gene in response to serum stimulation, can bin...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.17.3.1731
更新日期:1997-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::mRNAs are monitored for errors in gene expression by RNA surveillance, in which mRNAs that cannot be fully translated are degraded by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway (NMD). RNA surveillance ensures that potentially deleterious truncated proteins are seldom made. NMD pathways that promote surveillance have bee...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.19.10.6710
更新日期:1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The gastrointestinal glutathione peroxidase (GI-GPx, GPx2) is a selenoprotein that was suggested to act as barrier against hydroperoxide absorption but has also been implicated in the control of inflammation and malignant growth. In CaCo-2 cells, GI-GPx was induced by t-butyl hydroquinone (tBHQ) and sulforaphane (SFN)...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/MCB.25.12.4914-4923.2005
更新日期:2005-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Little is known about the regions of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) that are involved in the process of transcript elongation and interaction with elongation factors. One elongation factor, TFIIS, stimulates transcript elongation by binding to RNAPII and facilitating its passage through intrinsic pausing sites in vitro. I...
journal_title:Molecular and cellular biology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/mcb.12.9.4142
更新日期:1992-09-01 00:00:00