Abstract:
:Although they lie at the conceptual core of a wide range of scientific questions, the notions of irregular or "random" arrangement and the process of randomization itself have never been unambiguously defined. Algorithmic implementation of these concepts requires a combinatorial, rather than a probability-theoretic, formulation. We introduce vector versions of approximate entropy to quantify the degrees of irregularity of planar (and higher dimensional) arrangements. Selection rules, applied to the elements of irregular permutations, define randomization in strictly combinatorial terms. These concepts are developed in the context of Latin square arrangements and valid randomization of them. Conflicts and tradeoffs between the objectives of irregular arrangements and valid randomization are highlighted. Extensions to broad classes of designs, and a diverse range of scientific applications are indicated, including lattice-based models in physics and signal detection in seismology and physiology.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Singer BH,Pincus Sdoi
10.1073/pnas.95.4.1363subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1998-02-17 00:00:00pages
1363-8issue
4eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
95pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Gram-negative bacteria possess a characteristic outer membrane, of which the lipid A constituent elicits a strong host immune response through the Toll-like receptor 4 complex, and acts as a component of the permeability barrier to prevent uptake of bactericidal compounds. Lipid A species comprise the bulk of the oute...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1610746113
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1113532109
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.20.8080
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abstract::Humans reason about the mental states of others; this capacity is called Theory of Mind (ToM). In typically developing adults, ToM is supported by a consistent group of brain regions: the bilateral temporoparietal junction (TPJ), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), precuneus (PC), and anterior temporal sulci (aSTS). How ...
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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abstract::Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens. Venoms represent previously untapped sources of novel drugs. Here we repurposed mastoparan-L, the toxic active principle derived from the venom of the wasp Vespula lewisii, into synthetic antimicrobials. We engineered within its N terminus ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1812041116
更新日期:2019-01-08 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2012-09-04 00:00:00
abstract::Gene delivery to skeletal muscle is a promising strategy for the treatment of muscle disorders and for the systemic secretion of therapeutic proteins. However, present DNA delivery technologies have to be improved with regard to both the level of expression and interindividual variability. We report very efficient pla...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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更新日期:2005-04-05 00:00:00
abstract::Previous reports have shown that γδ T cells are important for the elimination of malaria parasites in humans and mice. However, how γδ T cells are involved in protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remains unknown. We infected γδ T-cell-deficient (TCRδ-KO) mice and control wild-type mice with Plasmodium bergh...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.16.6057
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abstract::Male infertility, affecting as many as 10% of the adult population, is an extremely prevalent disorder. In most cases, the cause of the condition is unknown, and genetic factors that might affect male fertility, other than some sequences on the Y chromosome, have not been identified. We report here that male mice hete...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.3.874
更新日期:1975-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1997-02-18 00:00:00
abstract::Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is characterized by tics, which are transiently worsened by stress, acute administration of dopaminergic drugs, and by subtle deficits in motor coordination and sensorimotor gating. It represents the most severe end of a spectrum of tic disorders that, in aggregate, affect ∼ 5% of t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1419533112
更新日期:2015-01-20 00:00:00