Abstract：
:Through an experimental study of the stability properties of the human neuromuscular system while it performs simple point-to-point arm movements, this paper evaluates the concepts of equilibrium and virtual trajectories as a means of executing movement of the arm. Human subjects grasped the instrumented handle of a two-link robot manipulandum and performed specified point-to-point planar arm trajectories. Computer-controlled brakes were used to subtly change the movements by constraining the trajectory along an arc of radius equal to the length of one link of the manipulandum. Target points were arranged to lie along the arc so that the subject could complete the movement even when constrained. These situations were tested: (1) unconstrained throughout the movement, (2) constrained through the entire movement, and (3) initially constrained and then released during movement. Experimental results showed that the constraint evoked significant forces strongly oriented so as to restore the hand to the unconstrained hand path. In addition, when released from the constraint, these forces caused a strong tendency to return the hand to the unconstrained path before the end of the movement was reached. Such strong positional stability properties of the arm reinforce the notion that a moving attractor point dominates the dynamics of the arm during movement. Additionally, bounds on the shape of the virtual trajectory were found which indicate that the equilibrium point remains close to the actual movement produced. These results, showing that a controlled equilibrium point may be used for planning and coordinating multijoint movements, are consistent with an equilibrium point hypothesis.
journal_name
Exp Brain Resjournal_title
Experimental brain researchauthors
Won J,Hogan Ndoi
10.1007/BF00228024subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1995-01-01 00:00:00pages
125-36issue
1eissn
0014-4819issn
1432-1106journal_volume
107pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:This paper reports on experiments in which the effect of disconnection of association fibres from Area 17/18 to the posterior suprasylvian cortex (PSSC) was investigated. In the control experiments, all neurons had large receptive fields in the central 5-10 degrees of the visual field without detailed retinotopy. In t...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00235537
更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adaptation of motor control to weightlessness was studied during a 7-day spaceflight. The maintenance of control of upright posture was examined during a voluntary raising movement of the arm and during the voluntary raising on tiptoe. In order to evaluate the contribution of visual cues, three types of visual situati...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00231132
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rhythmic interlimb coordination is characterized by attraction to stable phase and frequency relations. Sudden, unintended transitions between such coordination patterns have been observed in iso- and multifrequency tasks when movement frequency was gradually increased. These transitions have been accounted for by mod...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 临床试验,杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s002210050257
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study aimed at determining whether the observation of two functionally compatible artefacts, that is which potentially concur in achieving a specific function, automatically activates a motor programme of interaction between the two objects. To this purpose, an interference paradigm was used during which a...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-012-3047-2
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Studies exploring reflexive joint attention report that attention is more powerfully captured by interfering social signals (such as others' gaze or hand orientation) than by non-biological directional cues (such as an arrow). However, what remains unknown is whether these effects are mapped in purely spatial or in bo...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-009-1900-8
更新日期：2009-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Differential pulse voltammetry was performed in rats chronically implanted with carbon fiber electrodes in the caudate (n.Cd) and raphe dorsalis (n.RD) nuclei. The electrochemical signal obtained at the +300 mV potential (peak 3) in animals implanted for more than one week (long term chronic conditions, greater than 7...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00340496
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The topography of commissural fibers of the prefrontal cortex was studied in the rhesus monkey using autoradiography. Commissural fibers originating in the medial prefrontal and the caudal orbital regions course through the anterior portion of the genu and the rostrum of the corpus callosum, while those from the arcua...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00240516
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Integration of tactile afferent signals with motor commands is crucial for the performance of purposeful movements such as during manipulation of an object in the hand. To study the somatotopic organization of sensorimotor integration we applied electrical peripheral conditioning stimuli to a digit located near (homot...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002210050005
更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was performed to explore the antinociceptive effects of the galanin receptor 1 agonist M617 in lateral habenula complex in rats. Intra-lateral habenula injection of 0.1, 0.5, 1 or 2 nmol of galanin induced dose-dependent increases in hindpaw withdrawal latencies (HWLs) to noxious thermal and mechanic...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-015-4480-9
更新日期：2016-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF01474257
更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It is widely believed that cells in area 17 send axons specifically to neurons in other cortical areas whose receptive fields coincide with their own. We asked whether this was true in cats for area 17's projection to a large suprasylvian visual area, the Clare-Bishop area. Receptive fields were plotted at multiple si...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00250246
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:It has previously been shown that unilateral ablation of the whole auditory cortex in the cat disrupts the precedence effect, and also interferes with the ability of the normal animal to discriminate in the Y-maze between a single sound on one side and a double sound consisting of a signal on both left and right sides...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00237601
更新日期：1978-02-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Human gait is a complex process in the central nervous system that results from the integrity of various mechanisms, including different cortical and subcortical structures. In the present study, we investigated cortical activity during lower limb movement using EEG. Assisted by a dynamic tilt table, all subjects perf...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-010-2223-5
更新日期：2010-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A number of perceptual and neurophysiological studies have investigated the effects of delivering unilateral versus bilateral tactile sensory stimulation. While a number of studies indicate that perceptual discrimination degrades with opposite-hand stimulation, there have been no reports that examined the digit specif...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-014-4045-3
更新日期：2014-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Given the number of muscles and joints of the arm, more ways are available to produce an identical hand movement when pointing to a target than are strictly necessary. How the nervous system manages these abundant degrees of freedom was the focus of this study of pointing to targets of low and high indices of difficul...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-002-1357-5
更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present paper focused on the role of mechanical factors arising from the multijoint structure of the musculoskeletal system and their use in the control of different patterns of cyclical elbow-wrist movements. Across five levels of cycling frequency (from 0.45 Hz up to 3.05 Hz), three movement patterns were analyz...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002210050457
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Microscopic illumination of two neighbouring photoreceptor cells within a single ommatidium induces a strong sequence-dependent response in a directionally selective, motion-sensitive neuron. The response is characterized by a strong facilitation in the preferred direction and a weaker inhibition in the reverse direct...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00236243
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of this study was to determine whether vestibular information related to head acceleration is available for triggering postural responses to perturbations of stance in the freely-standing cat. Linear accelerations of the head were recorded during postural responses evoked by linear translations of the support ...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00228511
更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Response time, or latency, is increasingly being used to provide information about neural decision processes. LATER (Linear Approach to Threshold with Ergodic Rate) is a quasi-Bayesian model of decision-making, with the additional feature that it introduces a degree of gratuitous randomisation into the decision proces...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s00221-011-2587-1
更新日期：2011-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The spike trains of X and Y retinal ganglion cell axons and neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of cats were compared to determine if the visual signal could be better discriminated from the maintained activity in the LGN relative to the retina. Curves for relative or receiver operating characteristics (RO...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00248364
更新日期：1988-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The brain noradrenaline (NA) system is known to modulate ischemic neuronal damage, and the turnover of NA has been suggested to increase in the early recovery period following cerebral ischemia. Using HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we analyzed the tissue levels of NA and its metabolites, 3,4-dihydroxyph...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00230938
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Stimulation of cutaneous foot afferents has been shown to evoke a facilitation of the tibialis anterior (TA) EMG-activity at a latency of 70-95 ms in the early and middle swing phase of human walking. The present study investigated the underlying mechanism for this facilitation. In those subjects in whom it was possib...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002210050600
更新日期：1999-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00228385
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normally, gamma motoneurones innervate only the intrafusal fibres of muscle spindles. This is a report of sprouting of gamma motoneurones to innervate extrafusal muscle fibres following partial denervation of the soleus muscle of kittens. In eight newborn animals, the L7 ventral root was cut on one side under anaesthe...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00227250
更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The latencies of visually-evoked responses from X- and Y-type neurons of the cat's dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus were measured in a manner that takes account of the inherent variability of discharge in these cells. Latencies measured in this way vary from trial to trial in one cell (and also between cells) by tens...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00235998
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) models have become well established as the most suitable way to simulate stroke in experimental studies. The high variability in the size of the resulting infarct due to filament composition, rodent strain and vessel anatomy makes the setup of such models very complex. Beside co...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章,随机对照试验
doi：10.1007/s00221-012-3296-0
更新日期：2013-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study compared and contrasted the manifestation of neuropathic pain behaviors in several strains of rats. These included ACI, Brown-Norway, Fischer 344, Lewis, Long-Evans, Sprague-Dawley, and Wistar-Furth, all obtained from Harlan Sprague-Dawley Inc. Comparison was also made between two substrains of Sprague-Dawl...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/s002210050886
更新日期：1999-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:1. Binaural neurones were recorded in the central nucleus of the cat inferior colliculus and were stimulated with tone and noise bursts. Closed field sound systems were used to produce independent interaural time (ITD) and intensity (IID) differences. Particular attention was paid to high frequency (above 2 kHz) cells...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00248803
更新日期：1987-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:After several days of exposure to optically-imposed post-saccadic retinal slip, the saccades of normal monkeys acquire an exponential ocular drift. This drift is in the direction of the imposed image motion, and persists in the dark. It has been argued that these changes result from the operation of a visually mediate...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00340497
更新日期：1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In cats the stretch responses of deafferented Ia afferent fibers from gastrocnemius muscle spindles were measured. The response properties were derived by correlating the action potentials to random mechanical stimuli applied to the gastrocnemius muscle. The muscle stretch consisted of band-limited, normally distribut...
journal_title：Experimental brain research
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1007/BF00235615
更新日期：1985-01-01 00:00:00
