Abstract：
BACKGROUND:The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and is divided into four segments. The aim of this study is to investigate the anatomical variations in the course and branches of the vertebral artery. M: ATERIALS AND METHODS: : A research was performed via Pubmed database, using the terms; "variations of vertebral artery AND cadaveric study", "variations of vertebral artery AND cadavers" and "anomalies of vertebral artery AND cadavers". RESULTS:A total of 24 articles met the inclusion criteria, 13 of them referring to variations of the origin of the vertebral artery, 9 to variations of the course and 3 to variations of its branches. On a total sample of 1192 cadavers of different population, origin of the left vertebral artery directly from the aortic arch was observed at 6.7%. In addition, among 311 cadavers, 17.4% were found with partially or fully ossified foramen of the atlas for the passage of the vertebral artery, while the bibliographic review also showed variants at the exit site of the artery from the transverse foramen of the axis. CONCLUSIONS:Despite the fact that variations of both the course and the branches of vertebral artery are in most cases asymptomatic, good knowledge of anatomy and its variants is of particular importance for the prevention of vascular complications during surgical and radiological procedures in the cervix area.
journal_name
Folia Morphol (Warsz)journal_title
Folia morphologicaauthors
Magklara EP,Pantelia ET,Solia E,Panagouli E,Piagkou M,Mazarakis A,Skandalakis P,Troupis T,Filippou Ddoi
10.5603/FM.a2020.0022subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-02-19 00:00:00eissn
0015-5659issn
1644-3284pii
VM/OJS/J/66697pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:The aim of the present study was to determine to what degree acute exposure to cadmium affects the expression of CGRP, CT, SST and SYN in the C cells of the rat thyroid. Animals from 7 experimental groups received CdCl2 iv. in doses of 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1 and 0.5 mg/kg b.w. respectively, while the control animals w...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2004-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data for the force necessary to fracture the isolated calvaria (skull cap) are not available in the extant literature. Twenty dry adult calvaria were tested to failure quasistatically at the vertex using a 15-kN load cell. The forces necessary to fracture or cause diastasis of calvarial sutures were then documented an...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare genetic disease, which primarily affects motor neurons and predominantly occurs in children. To date, alternatives for the treatment of the disease have been controversial. Spinal muscular atrophy has a multi-factorial aetiology, with mitochondrial oxidative stress considere...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2018.0072
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The present study was aimed at disclosing the influence of Bacteroides fragilis (one of the most important bacterial agents causing colitis in children) experimental infection on the expression of substance P (SP) and somatostatin (SOM) in neurons and nerve fibres within the porcine ascending colon. Distinct differenc...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2003-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We encountered variation in the formation of the median nerve in a 66-year-old male cadaver during dissection of the upper extremity of 20 adult cadavers. The dissections were made at the Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center. The median nerve was formed by fusion of fou...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Joint formation is a developmental process regulated by various factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, transforming and growth factors, etc. Recently, a high expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms in the foetal cartilaginous elements was also revealed. On the other hand, various joint and skeletal abnorma...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2009-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of our study was an evaluation of the expression of cell proliferation markers (PCNA and Ki-67) in conjunctival and eyelid papillomas and squamous and basal cell cancers. A series of 9 cases of squamous cell cancer (SCC), 15 cases of basal cell cancer (BCC) and 43 cases of squamous cell papilloma (SCP) were as...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2004-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A comparison of the data published in anatomy textbooks and anthropological tables does not reveal any change in basic heart dimensions during the period since the beginning of the 20th century to nowadays. However, normal values of many other parameters have changed up to 30% over the same period. These changes may b...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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doi：
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Diving goitres can descend the cervical region expanding directly into the thoracic cavity. In most cases, diving goitres extend into the anterosuperior compartment, but they may also extend behind the trachea. We herein present a case of a male patient with retrotracheal goitre and history of left thyroid lobectomy a...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2017.0072
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Systematic sampling using the Cavalier's principle provides accurate, efficient, cheap, and simple quantitative estimates of objects within neuroanatomical structures like the cerebellum. We identified and isolated the Purkinje cell layer and used this information to extrapolate the stereological technique to estimate...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Oligodendrocytes, called oligodendroglia, are present in the white and grey substance of the CNS. They constitute a heterogeneous group, in which 3 types of these cells have been distinguished: those of light, medium and dark cytoplasm. They locate themselves at the neurones and blood vessels. The number of light olig...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Adrenergic and cholinesterase-positive (AChE-positive) innervation of the bovine oviduct was studied using histochemical methods. Both subpopulations of the studied nerve fibres were found in the isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum where they were mainly related to the muscular coat or blood vessels of the organ. The ad...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Primary heart tumours in the paediatric population are very rare and they range from 0.01% to 0.04%. Most are benign lesions of which about half are rhabdomyomas. Rhabdomyoma tumour diagnosis is associated with a 75-80% risk of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). TSC are characterised with numerous changes of hamartoma-...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2017.0119
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Communicating branch between the musculocutaneous and median nerves was found bilaterally in 1 human cadaver. The topography of vessels was normal. ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite the importance of the pyelocalyceal system in the pig as an experimental model, there is little information about this particular anatomical subject. We determined the morphological characteristics of the renal excretory system in pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS:This descriptive cross-sectional study ev...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The studies were carried out on the subthalamus of adult guinea pigs. Golgi impregnation, Nissl and Klüver-Barrera methods were used for the study. In Nissl stained sections the subthalamic neuronal population consists of multipolar, fusiform, oval and pear-shaped perikarya. In two studied areas: nucleus subthalamicus...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Persistent left superior caval vein (PLSCV) is a rare, anatomically diverse developmental anomaly of systemic veins. Clinically asymptomatic PLSCVs are detected incidentally during medical procedures that utilise systemic veins, such as cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) placement, and whose succes...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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abstract：:The present case report describes the topographical anatomy and radiological study of an asymmetrical inferior articular process of a lumbar vertebra, which was detected during routine osteology teaching of undergraduate medical students. The inferior articular process of the lumbar vertebra on the left side was rudim...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The investigation was carried out on 16 human foetal cadavers at the age of 17-23 weeks from the time of conception. The foetal vascular system was injected with the synthetic resin MERCOX CL-2R and analysed in scanning electron microscope.The vascular system of the foetal spinal cord was studied. The foetal vascular ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2014-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocardial bridging (MB) is an anatomical variant in which an epicardial coronary artery passes under a bridge of myocardium. The most commonly affected vessel is the left anterior descending coronary artery, although other branches such as the marginal branches, diagonal branches and posterior descending right corona...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2006-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The morphology and topography of the ciliary ganglion in the Egyptian spiny mouse were studied with use of histochemical and histological techniques. The ciliary ganglion of the Egyptian spiny mouse consisted of between 3 and 4 agglomerations of nerve cells. The largest was situated at the point where the ventral bran...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A study was performed on 12 human embryos at developmental stages 16 and 17 (6(th) week). In the investigated embryos the primary palate is formed from medial nasal, lateral nasal, and maxillary processes. The medial and lateral nasal processes merge and form the nasal fin at stage 16. This fin regresses and at stage ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In a Greek Caucasian male cadaver, a combination of the following arterial variations were observed: an aberrant right subclavian artery originating as a last branch of the aortic arch and coursed posterior to the oesophagus, a right non-recurrent laryngeal nerve, an atypical origin of the left suprascapular artery fr...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Intracerebral haematoma was produced in 25 adult rats by infusion of 100 microl of autologous blood into the striatum. The animals' brains were removed at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after production of the haematoma. The TUNEL method was used to detect DNA fragmentation and TUNEL-positive cells were qualified. TUNEL-posi...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The morphological study of the development of "intimal thickenings" of the human uterine artery in physiological condition was performed on 72 uterine arteries obtained from foetuses from the 12th week of gestation up to birth. Our results indicate that intimal thickening is formed by the migration and displacement of...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
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更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study was conducted to assess the effect of melatonin on the structure of testis and spermatogenesis dynamics in neonate vitrified testis grafts. Neonate vitrified testes, candidates for transplantation heterotopically to experiment or control groups, were warmed in thawing media which had or did not have a suppl...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
