Abstract：
BACKGROUND:The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and is divided into four segments. The aim of this study is to investigate the anatomical variations in the course and branches of the vertebral artery. M: ATERIALS AND METHODS: : A research was performed via Pubmed database, using the terms; "variations of vertebral artery AND cadaveric study", "variations of vertebral artery AND cadavers" and "anomalies of vertebral artery AND cadavers". RESULTS:A total of 24 articles met the inclusion criteria, 13 of them referring to variations of the origin of the vertebral artery, 9 to variations of the course and 3 to variations of its branches. On a total sample of 1192 cadavers of different population, origin of the left vertebral artery directly from the aortic arch was observed at 6.7%. In addition, among 311 cadavers, 17.4% were found with partially or fully ossified foramen of the atlas for the passage of the vertebral artery, while the bibliographic review also showed variants at the exit site of the artery from the transverse foramen of the axis. CONCLUSIONS:Despite the fact that variations of both the course and the branches of vertebral artery are in most cases asymptomatic, good knowledge of anatomy and its variants is of particular importance for the prevention of vascular complications during surgical and radiological procedures in the cervix area.
journal_name
Folia Morphol (Warsz)journal_title
Folia morphologicaauthors
Magklara EP,Pantelia ET,Solia E,Panagouli E,Piagkou M,Mazarakis A,Skandalakis P,Troupis T,Filippou Ddoi
10.5603/FM.a2020.0022subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2020-02-19 00:00:00eissn
0015-5659issn
1644-3284pii
VM/OJS/J/66697pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Acipenseriformes occupy an important place in the evolutionary history. Skeleton of their pectoral fins has elements related to teleosts, but also to tetrapods. This article summarises and compares anatomical structure of the pectoral girdle and pectoral fin of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) and American...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2015.0093
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The morphology and topography of the ciliary ganglion in the Egyptian spiny mouse were studied with use of histochemical and histological techniques. The ciliary ganglion of the Egyptian spiny mouse consisted of between 3 and 4 agglomerations of nerve cells. The largest was situated at the point where the ventral bran...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ultrastructural response of photoreceptors to 10 days of treatment with reserpine and bromocryptine, and to 10 days of illumination, was studied. Treatment with isoproterenol was also applied in some experiments with continuous illumination. Treatment with bromocryptine and reserpine induced elongation of rod outer se...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to identify and compare the various morphological characteristics of rugae palatinae in males and females of adult Sudanese Nubians and to assess the existence of side asymmetry. Furthermore, the possibility of assigning sex utilising dimensions, shapes, and orientations was explore...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.2015.0046
更新日期：2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Both the adrenergic and the cholinergic components of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) have been found to be an important source of nerve fibres supplying the lungs. On the other hand, data regarding the innervation of the pulmonary tissue in breeding animals are surprisingly scarce. Therefore, in the present study ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of circle of Willis (COW) variations and the measurements of the COW vessel diameters in the Turkish population. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The patient population for this single-centre, retrospective study was formed of patients who had brain magnetic resonanc...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2017.0004
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Based on standard histological methods and specific injection technique, the study demonstrates for the first time the blood vessel system of the scrotal integument.The latter is relatively thin and shows a thick underlying fascia, the tunica dartos. The vessel networks found in both structures are somewhat different ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/fm.2013.0022
更新日期：2013-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries (CAs) are rare and are often diagnosed incidentally during a conventional coronary angiography. Recently, the incidence of these congenital defects is on the rise particularly after the introduction of the electrocardiography (ECG) gated coronary computed tomogra...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2016.0053
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The squamous occipital bone consists of two parts: a cartilaginous supraoccipital part below and a membranous interparietal (IP) part above the highest nuchal line. The IP part develops from two pairs of ossification centres which form the two lateral plates and a median central piece. Any anomalous ossification of th...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2011-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Despite the importance of the coronary system in the African sheep as a possible experimental model, there is little information about this particular vascular system. The objective of this investigation was to characterise morpho- logically the coronary arteries and their branches in African sheep. MATERIA...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2018.0054
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Normally the 7th cervical vertebra (C7) has a long non-bifid spine. A bifid spine is a feature of typical cervical vertebrae such as C3--C6. In contrast to past studies, which have described a bifid spine in the C3--C6 cervical vertebrae, this study is a report on the presence of a duplicated spinous process in the C7...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In 20 catarrhine monkeys the intrapulmonary course of the bronchial arteries was investigated. In most cases the bronchial arteries and their branches pass on the posterior surfaces of the bronchi. ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：UNLABELLED:Numerous fibrous elements known as the Willis chords are situated in the light of the superior sagittal sinus. The paper is aimed at a comparative evaluation of the appearance of the Willis chords appearing in the superior sagittal sinus during various periods of human life and a determination of their role....
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:We encountered variation in the formation of the median nerve in a 66-year-old male cadaver during dissection of the upper extremity of 20 adult cadavers. The dissections were made at the Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Medical Center. The median nerve was formed by fusion of fou...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The aim of the paper is computer transformation of the transversal research results of male (214) and female (178) genital internal organs (examined in 4 months's intervals) in a way enabling longitudinal evaluation. ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In 18 animals morphology of the tarsal, metatarsal and digital pulps of the both pelvic limbs was studied. Measurements of length and width of the pulps were also made. ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The foot is composed of medial, lateral and transverse arches which, particularly the medial arch, provide it with the ability to function both as a flexible and rigid structure for proper locomotion. Arches of the foot, as well as their effect on lower extremity function, have been studied. However, quantit...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2017.0049
更新日期：2017-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Identifying the arterial variation of the lateral circumflex femoral artery is a vital step in planning surgical and radiological approach. To evaluate the variations and discuss the clinical correlates of the lateral circumflex femoral artery. MATERIALS AND METHODS:58 adult cadavers (male 45, female 13) wi...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2020.0094
更新日期：2020-08-22 00:00:00
abstract：:The cephalic vein is one of the most distinguished superficial veins of the upper limb. Its clinical value lies in venous access. There is little known about the variation of its formation in relation to the anatomical snuffbox. Hence, anatomical variants in the origin of the cephalic vein are important in clinical pr...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2020.0048
更新日期：2020-05-12 00:00:00
abstract：:Histological studies of the brain, lungs, liver, kidneys, heart, and the spleen were carried out in mice previously infected with 6 pathogenic strains of free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba. The potential virulence of the strains studied was determined on the basis of re-isolation of the amoebae from the org...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Neural and vascular variations in the axilla and upper limb area are usually paired, but coexistence of muscular aberration on top of this is uncommon. The current case report emphasizes on the unilateral coexistence of a three-headed (tricipital) biceps brachii muscle, a two-headed coracobrachialis with an accessory ...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2018.0081
更新日期：2019-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The main blood supply of the thalamus constitute internal branches of the posterior cerebral, posterior communicating, middle, and choroid arteries. Branches of these arteries from three groups of vessels: medial, lateral, and posterior. Considering the number of vessels, their diameter and direct origin from the cere...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1997-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A rare case of fenestration of the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) is presented. There is a coexistence with hypoplasia of precommunicans part of the right posterior cerebral artery and its "fetal" branching from internal carotid artery. This form of variation may cause mistakes during interpretation of angiographic...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data for the force necessary to fracture the isolated calvaria (skull cap) are not available in the extant literature. Twenty dry adult calvaria were tested to failure quasistatically at the vertex using a 15-kN load cell. The forces necessary to fracture or cause diastasis of calvarial sutures were then documented an...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2005-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The pelvic plexus is observed in human embryos at stage 15 and during the last two embryonic weeks the secondary plexuses are formed. The pelvic nerves are found at stage 15 and in embryos they arise from anterior rami of the sacral nerves S2-S4. In fetuses the pelvic nerves originate from the anterior rami S1-S5. Num...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Supraclavicular variations of the cephalic vein (CV) are detected sporadically. A somewhat more common finding is a CV variation with the typical course of the main vessel but with an additional supraclavicular branch, called the jugulocephalic vein (JCV). The aim of the study was to detect supraclavicular C...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2015.0125
更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Nicotine is associated with increased incidence of periodontal disease and poor response to therapy. This article aimed at identifying the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMPs2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proteins on extracellular matrix, fibrous distribution and angiogenetic de...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2018.0004
更新日期：2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Myocardial bridging (MB) is an anatomical variant in which an epicardial coronary artery passes under a bridge of myocardium. The most commonly affected vessel is the left anterior descending coronary artery, although other branches such as the marginal branches, diagonal branches and posterior descending right corona...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.5603/FM.a2019.0080
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The arterial fibrous rings were investigated in human embryos aged 7 and 8 weeks under light and scanning electron microscopes. In the present study it was shown that the arrangement of collagen and formation of fibres changes rapidly within one week. In the 7(th) week there are no collagen fibres and the netlike fibr...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2010-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The inferior colliculus (IC) of the bank vole is made up of 3 nuclei: the external and pericentral nucleus, which are located on the outer border of the IC, and the central nucleus, which is the largest part of IC and shows a laminated structure. On the basis of various morphological criteria 5 types of neurons have b...
journal_title：Folia morphologica
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-01-01 00:00:00
