Abstract：
:Increasing evidence suggests that B cells contribute both to the regulation of normal autoimmunity and to the pathogenesis of immune mediated diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). B cells in MS are skewed toward a pro-inflammatory profile, and contribute to MS pathogenesis by antibody production, antigen presentation, T cells stimulation and activation, driving autoproliferation of brain-homing autoreactive CD4+ T cells, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and formation of ectopic meningeal germinal centers that drive cortical pathology and contribute to neurological disability. The recent interest in the key role of B cells in MS has been evoked by the profound anti-inflammatory effects of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the B cell surface marker CD20, observed in relapsing-remitting MS. This has been reaffirmed by clinical trials with less immunogenic and more potent B cell-depleting mAbs targeting CD20 - ocrelizumab, ofatumumab and ublituximab. Ocrelizumab is also the first disease-modifying drug that has shown efficacy in primary-progressive MS, and is currently approved for both indications. Another promising approach is the inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase, a key enzyme that mediates B cell activation and survival, by agents such as evobrutinib. On the other hand, targeting B cell cytokines with the fusion protein atacicept increased MS activity, highlighting the complex and not fully understood role of B cells and humoral immunity in MS. Finally, all other approved therapies for MS, some of which have been designed to target T cells, have some effects on the frequency, phenotype, or homing of B cells, which may contribute to their therapeutic activity.
journal_name
Croat Med Jjournal_title
Croatian medical journalauthors
Milo Rsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2019-04-30 00:00:00pages
87-98issue
2eissn
0353-9504issn
1332-8166journal_volume
60pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：AIM:To determine whether and in what concentrations the underground waters, stream waters, spring water, and tap water from the Zagreb area contain phthalates -- compounds used as plastic softeners, which have recently been ascribed carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic effects. METHOD:The presence of dimethyl phth...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The generally accepted structure of a scientific paper is four sections, an introduction, a methods section, the results, and a discussion. This so-called IMRaD format is, with a few small variations, found in most research articles in biomedical journals. However, as a guide for someone writing up research data for t...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 社论
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更新日期：2002-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To assess the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile duct diameter dilatation after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. METHODS:Forty-eight patients (35 women, mean age 54.58±11.83 years) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy because of gallstones. The intrahepatic and extra...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-07-05 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
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doi：10.3325/cmj.2014.55.672
更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To analyze use and distribution of resources by otolaryngology (ENT) hospital wards in Romania between 2003 and 2008, in order to plan the improvement of patient access to health care services and health care services' financial performance. METHODS:Clinical electronic records were searched for all patients discha...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
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doi：10.3325/cmj.2010.51.259
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abstract：AIM:To estimate the impact of high fat diet and estrogen deficiency on the oxidative and antioxidative status in the liver of the ovariectomized rats, as well as the ameliorating effect of physical activity or consumption of functional food containing bioactive compounds with antioxidative properties on oxidative damag...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
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doi：10.3325/cmj.2014.55.218
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
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doi：
更新日期：2002-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-12-31 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To examine plasma concentration of IgA, IgM, IgG classes, and IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 subclasses in children with autism. METHODS:Infantile autism was diagnosed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria. Plasma sampl...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2004-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/2010.51.181
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2020-08-31 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2011.52.171
更新日期：2011-04-15 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2017.58.384
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2019-04-30 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2010.51.165
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To determine the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in high-risk groups, ie, injecting drug users, patients with sexually transmitted infections, and men who have sex with men, and compare it with the prevalence determined in low-risk group, ie, pregnant women. METHODS:Residual sera from sp...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2003-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2009.50.239
更新日期：2009-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2014-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2012.53.301
更新日期：2012-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To present the results obtained in the identification of human remains from World War II found in two mass graves in Ljubuški, Bosnia and Herzegovina. METHODS:Samples from 10 skeletal remains were collected. Teeth and femoral fragments were collected from 9 skeletons and only a femoral fragment from 1 skeleton. DN...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2015.56.257
更新日期：2015-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2006-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：AIM:To estimate the incidence and mortality trends of gastric and colorectal cancers in Croatia between 1988 and 2008. METHODS:Incidence data for the period 1988-2008 were obtained from the Croatian National Cancer Registry. The number of deaths from gastric and colorectal cancers were obtained from the World Health O...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3325/cmj.2012.53.124
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abstract：:Functional interdependence between immune and bone systems is reflected in a number of regulatory molecules acting on the cells of both systems and common precursors for bone and immune cells. Therefore, the disturbances of the immune system may affect bone metabolism, and vice versa. This review addresses the roles o...
journal_title：Croatian medical journal
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：
更新日期：2001-08-01 00:00:00
