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From bench to the hemodialysis clinic: protein-bound uremic toxins modulate NF-κB/Nrf2 expression.

Abstract：

PURPOSE:Uremic toxins produced by gut microbiota (indoxyl sulfate-IS, p-cresyl sulfate-p-CS, and indole-3-acetic acid-IAA) accumulate in hemodialysis (HD) patients and exhibit potent inflammatory effects. However, the impact of these toxins on nuclear E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression in HD patients remains poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between uremic toxins and Nrf2/NF-κB expression in vitro (RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HD patients. METHODS:Uremic toxins, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in fifteen HD patients and nine healthy individuals. RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells were incubated with IS, as a prototype of protein-bound uremic toxin. Nrf2 and NF-κB expressions were analyzed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS:HD patients presented high levels of inflammatory markers, MDA and uremic toxins. In addition, they presented high NF-κB and low Nrf2 expression. Uremic toxins were positively correlated with NF-κB expression (IS, ρ = 0.58, p < 0.003; p-CS, ρ = 0.71, p < 0.001; IAA, ρ = 0.62, p < 0.001) and negatively with Nrf2 (IS, ρ = - 0.48, p = 0.01; p-CS, ρ = - 0.46, p < 0.02). Uremic toxins also exhibited positive correlations with CRP and MDA levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that p-CS is a determinant factor of NF-κB expression. In RAW 264.7 culture, NF-κB mRNA expression was stimulated by IS, while Nrf2 was downregulated. CONCLUSIONS:Thus, uremic toxins may stimulate NF-κB mRNA and decrease Nrf2 expression in HD patients and, consequently, trigger inflammation and oxidative stress.

journal_name

Int Urol Nephrol

journal_title

International urology and nephrology

authors

Stockler-Pinto MB,Soulage CO,Borges NA,Cardozo LFMF,Dolenga CJ,Nakao LS,Pecoits-Filho R,Fouque D,Mafra D

doi

10.1007/s11255-017-1748-y

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2018-02-01 00:00:00

pages

347-354

issue

2

eissn

0301-1623

issn

1573-2584

pii

10.1007/s11255-017-1748-y

journal_volume

50

pub_type

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