Abstract:
:Race 1 isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) are characterized by the presence of AVR1 in their genomes. The product of this gene, Avr1, triggers resistance in tomato cultivars carrying resistance gene I In FOL race 2 and race 3 isolates, AVR1 is absent, and hence they are virulent on tomato cultivars carrying I In this study, we analyzed an approximately 100-kb genomic fragment containing the AVR1 locus of FOL race 1 isolate 004 (FOL004) and compared it to the sequenced genome of FOL race 2 isolate 4287 (FOL4287). A genomic fragment of 31 kb containing AVR1 was found to be missing in FOL4287. Further analysis suggests that race 2 evolved from race 1 by deletion of this 31-kb fragment due to a recombination event between two transposable elements bordering the fragment. A worldwide collection of 71 FOL isolates representing races 1, 2, and 3, all known vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs), and five continents was subjected to PCR analysis of the AVR1 locus, including the two bordering transposable elements. Based on phylogenetic analysis using the EF1-α gene, five evolutionary lineages for FOL that correlate well with VCGs were identified. More importantly, we show that FOL races evolved in a stepwise manner within each VCG by the loss of function of avirulence genes in a number of alternative ways. IMPORTANCE:Plant-pathogenic microorganisms frequently mutate to overcome disease resistance genes that have been introduced in crops. For the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt in tomato, we have identified the nature of the mutations that have led to the overcoming of the I and I-2 resistance genes in all five known clonal lineages, which include a newly discovered lineage. Five different deletion events, at least several of which are caused by recombination between transposable elements, have led to loss of AVR1 and overcoming of I Two new events affecting AVR2 that led to overcoming of I-2 have been identified. We propose a reconstruction of the evolution of races in FOL, in which the same mutations in AVR2 and AVR3 have occurred in different lineages and the FOL pathogenicity chromosome has been transferred to new lineages several times.
journal_name
Appl Environ Microbioljournal_title
Applied and environmental microbiologyauthors
Biju VC,Fokkens L,Houterman PM,Rep M,Cornelissen BJCdoi
10.1128/AEM.02548-16subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2017-02-01 00:00:00issue
4eissn
0099-2240issn
1098-5336pii
AEM.02548-16journal_volume
83pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Deep-subsurface samples obtained by deep drilling are likely to be contaminated with mesophilic microorganisms in the drilling fluid, and this could affect determination of the community structure of the geothermal microflora using 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis. To eliminate possible contamination by PCR-amplif...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.72.1.21-27.2006
更新日期:2006-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Quantitative in situ determination of conjugative gene transfer in defined bacterial biofilms using automated confocal laser scanning microscopy followed by three-dimensional analysis of cellular biovolumes revealed conjugation rates 1,000-fold higher than those determined by classical plating techniques. Conjugation ...
journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.02824-17
更新日期:2018-04-02 00:00:00
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doi:10.1128/AEM.01910-20
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.01879-18
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.70.12.7474-7480.2004
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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更新日期:2020-10-28 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:2002-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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更新日期:1993-12-01 00:00:00
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pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02829-17
更新日期:2018-06-18 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
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更新日期:1995-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.02806-17
更新日期:2018-03-19 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.45.3.985-998.1983
更新日期:1983-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.43.2.430-434.1982
更新日期:1982-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The extremely thermophilic anaerobic archaeon strain B1001 was isolated from a hot-spring environment in Japan. The cells were irregular cocci, 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers in diameter. The new isolate grew at temperatures between 60 and 95 degrees C (optimum, 85 degrees C), from pH 5.0 to 9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and from 1....
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doi:10.1128/AEM.65.5.1991-1997.1999
更新日期:1999-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.63.11.4621-4624.1997
更新日期:1997-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.36.2.297-305.1978
更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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doi:10.1128/AEM.49.4.934-938.1985
更新日期:1985-04-01 00:00:00
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doi:10.1128/aem.68.7.3392-3400.2002
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
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更新日期:1986-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::In the present work, we aimed at determining the relationship between the hepatitis A virus (HAV) numbers in imported frozen coquina clams involved in two hepatitis outbreaks, as well as the risk for human health. Due to HAV unculturability, a standardized TaqMan real-time reverse transcription-PCR controlling the vir...
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.65.6.2402-2408.1999
更新日期:1999-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title:Applied and environmental microbiology
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1128/AEM.37.3.633-641.1979
更新日期:1979-03-01 00:00:00