Abstract：
:Recent advances in the chemistry of melanins have begun to disclose a number of important structure-property-function relationships of crucial relevance to the biological role of human pigments, including skin (photo) protection and UV-susceptibility. Even slight variations in the monomer composition of black eumelanins and red pheomelanins have been shown to determine significant differences in light absorption, antioxidant, paramagnetic and redox behavior, particle morphology, surface properties, metal chelation and resistance to photo-oxidative wear-and-tear. These variations are primarily governed by the extent of decarboxylation at critical branching points of the eumelanin and pheomelanin pathways, namely the rearrangement of dopachrome to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) and 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA), and the rearrangement of 5-S-cysteinyldopa o-quinoneimine to 1,4-benzothiazine (BTZ) and its 3-carboxylic acid (BTZCA). In eumelanins, the DHICA-to-DHI ratio markedly affects the overall antioxidant and paramagnetic properties of the resulting pigments. In particular, a higher content in DHICA decreases visible light absorption and paramagnetic response relative to DHI-based melanins, but markedly enhances antioxidant properties. In pheomelanins, likewise, BTZCA-related units, prevalently formed in the presence of zinc ions, appear to confer pronounced visible and ultraviolet A (UVA) absorption features, accounting for light-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, whereas non-carboxylated benzothiazine intermediates seem to be more effective in inducing ROS production by redox cycling mechanisms in the dark. The possible biological and functional significance of carboxyl retention in the eumelanin and pheomelanin pathways is discussed.
journal_name
Int J Mol Scijournal_title
International journal of molecular sciencesauthors
Micillo R,Panzella L,Koike K,Monfrecola G,Napolitano A,d'Ischia Mdoi
10.3390/ijms17050746subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2016-05-17 00:00:00issue
5issn
1422-0067pii
ijms17050746journal_volume
17pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:In addition to the well-known diterpenoid steviol glycosides, Stevia rebaudiana (Stevia) produces many labdane-type diterpenoids and a wide range of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. However, biosynthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenoids in Stevia remains unknown. Here we analyzed the extracts of Stevia leaves, flowers, stems,...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21228566
更新日期：2020-11-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Despite recent clinical trial advances and improvements in clinical care, kidney disease due to diabetes remains the most common cause of chronic kidney failure worldwide. In the search for new treatments, recent attentions have turned to drug repurposing opportunities, including study of the histone deacetylase (HDAC...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19092630
更新日期：2018-09-05 00:00:00
abstract：:Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the leading presentations of head and neck cancer (HNC). The first part of this review will describe the highlights of the oral microbiome in health and normal development while demonstrating how both the oral and gut microbiome can map OSCC development, progression, treat...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21218061
更新日期：2020-10-29 00:00:00
abstract：:The improvement of the embryo culture media is of high relevance due to its influence on successful implantation rates, pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, and potential effects in adult life. The ideal conditions for embryo development are those naturally occurring in the female reproductive tract, i.e., the oviductal and ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20215305
更新日期：2019-10-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Tumor infiltration into brain tissue usually remains undetected even by high-resolution imaging. Molecular markers are used to increase diagnostic accuracy, but with limited continuous monitoring application. We evaluated the potential of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as a molecular indicator of the response to th...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms19061610
更新日期：2018-05-30 00:00:00
abstract：:Hypoxia is a common environmental stress factor and is associated with fibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), produced by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), plays an important role in liver fibrogenesis. However, inconsistent results have been reported on the impact of hypoxia on MMP-2 expression and activity i...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms12042434
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The development of atherosclerosis is a multi-step process, at least in part controlled by the vascular endothelium function. Observations in humans and experimental models of atherosclerosis have identified monocyte recruitment as an early event in atherogenesis. Chronic inflammation is associated with ageing and its...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms140612696
更新日期：2013-06-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by symmetric polyarthritis with swelling and pain at synovial joints. In RA patients, delayed neutrophil apoptosis amplifies the inflammatory response and massively released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) induce tissue damage and provide ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20205035
更新日期：2019-10-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Thrombin is an essential procoagulant and profibrotic mediator. However, its implication in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE) remains unknown. The effusion thrombin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels were measured among transudative pleural effusion (TPE, n = 22) and TBPE (n = 24) patients. Pleural...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20205076
更新日期：2019-10-13 00:00:00
abstract：:The interactions between chiral molecules and cell membranes have attracted more and more attention in recent decades, due to their importance in molecular science and medical applications. It is observed that some peptides composed of different chiral amino acids may have distinct interactions with a membrane. How do...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20194760
更新日期：2019-09-25 00:00:00
abstract：:The growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) is a >200-nt lncRNA molecule that regulates several cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, across different types of human cancers. Here, we reviewed the current literature on the expression of GAS5 in leukemia, cervical, breast, ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21207633
更新日期：2020-10-15 00:00:00
abstract：:Mitochondria in neurons contribute to energy supply, the regulation of synaptic transmission, Ca2+ homeostasis, neuronal excitability, and stress adaptation. In recent years, several studies have highlighted that the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) plays an important role in mitochondrial biogenesis in cortical neur...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21249629
更新日期：2020-12-17 00:00:00
abstract：:Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy,...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms21062008
更新日期：2020-03-16 00:00:00
abstract：:Two mesenchymal zinc transporters, ZIP7 and ZIP13, play critical roles in dermal development. ZIP7 and ZIP13 are the closest among the conserved mammalian zinc transporters. However, whether their functions are complementary remains a controversial issue. In the present study, we found that the expression of ZIP13, bu...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20163941
更新日期：2019-08-13 00:00:00
abstract：:Mathematical optimization framework allows the identification of certain nodes within a signaling network. In this work, we analyzed the complex extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) cascade in cardiomyocytes using the framework to find efficient adjustment screws for this cascade that is important fo...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20092179
更新日期：2019-05-02 00:00:00
abstract：:Present day awareness of biofilm colonization on polymeric surfaces has prompted the scientific community to develop an ever-increasing number of new materials with anti-biofilm features. However, compared to the large amount of work put into discovering potent biofilm inhibitors, only a small number of papers deal wi...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20153794
更新日期：2019-08-03 00:00:00
abstract：:The transmembrane K+/H+ antiporters of NhaP type of Vibrio cholerae (Vc-NhaP1, 2, and 3) are critical for maintenance of K+ homeostasis in the cytoplasm. The entire functional NhaP group is indispensable for the survival of V. cholerae at low pHs suggesting their possible role in the acid tolerance response (ATR) of V...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20102572
更新日期：2019-05-25 00:00:00
abstract：:Nowadays, it is well accepted that inflammation is a critical player in cancer, being, in most cases, the main character of the process. Different types of tumor arise from sites of infection or chronic inflammation. This non-resolving inflammation is responsible for tumor development at different levels: it promotes ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms22031224
更新日期：2021-01-27 00:00:00
abstract：:Critical limb ischemia is the most serious form of peripheral artery disease, characterized by severe functional consequences, difficult clinical management and reduced life expectancy. The goal of this study was to investigate the miR-210 role in the neo-angiogenic response after acute limb ischemia. Complementary ap...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21010129
更新日期：2019-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) is one of the most serious diseases in barley. The numerous barley varieties across China provide valuable genetic resources to screen the resistant germplasm and to discover the primary genes of resistance to powdery mildew. In this study, Chinese barley ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21010151
更新日期：2019-12-24 00:00:00
abstract：:Background: Gastric glands grow and cells reach differentiation at weaning in rats. By considering that early weaning (EW) can affect the timing of development, we aimed to compare molecular and cellular markers of differentiation in pups and adults. Methods: Wistar rats were separated into suckling-control (S) and EW...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21010196
更新日期：2019-12-27 00:00:00
abstract：:When cellular reducing enzymes fail to shield the cell from increased amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress arises. The redox state is misbalanced, DNA and proteins are damaged and cellular transcription networks are activated. This condition can lead to the initiation and/or to the progression of...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms131013104
更新日期：2012-10-12 00:00:00
abstract：:The outer and inner dynein arms (ODAs and IDAs) are composed of multiple subunits including dynein heavy chains possessing a motor domain. These complex structures are preassembled in the cytoplasm before being transported to the cilia. The molecular mechanism(s) controlling dynein arms' preassembly is poorly understo...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms20246174
更新日期：2019-12-07 00:00:00
abstract：:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most frequent human enzymopathy, affecting over 400 million people globally. Worldwide, 217 mutations have been reported at the genetic level, and only 19 have been found in Mexico. The objective of this work was to contribute to the knowledge of the function ...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms21082732
更新日期：2020-04-15 00:00:00
abstract：:This study evaluates the pre-treatment of cellulose from kenaf plant to yield sugar precursors for the production of ethanol or butanol for use as biofuel additives. In order to convert the crystalline cellulosic form to the amorphous form that can undergo enzymatic hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond to yield sugars, k...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms12031451
更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations of the GLA gene that lead to a deficiency of the enzymatic activity of α-galactosidase A. Available therapies for FD include enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) (agalsidase alfa and agalsidase beta) and the chaperone migalastat. Despite the large body...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms22010206
更新日期：2020-12-28 00:00:00
abstract：:Inflammatory liver diseases in the absence of pathogens such as intoxication by xenobiotics, cholestatic liver injury, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remain threatening conditions demanding specific therapeutic options. Caused by variou...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.3390/ijms19103104
更新日期：2018-10-10 00:00:00
abstract：:donor⁻acceptorDonor⁻acceptor⁻π⁻acceptor⁻donor (D1-A1-π-A2/A3-D2)-type small molecules, such TPA-MC-2 and TPA-MC-3, were designed and synthesized starting from donor-substituted alkynes (TPA-MC-1) via [2 + 2] cycloaddition-retroelectrocyclization reaction with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimeth...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms20071621
更新日期：2019-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Osteoarthritis (OA) remains one of the common degenerative joint diseases and a major cause of pain and disability in older adult individuals. Oral administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (such as diclofenac, DIC) or intra-articular injected gluco-corticosteroids (such as dexamethasone, DEX) w...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms22020665
更新日期：2021-01-11 00:00:00
abstract：:Human MLH3 (hMLH3) gene has been suggested to play a role in the DNA mismatch repair mechanism, while it may also be associated with abnormal spermatogenesis and subsequently male infertility. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible relationships between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1750...
journal_title：International journal of molecular sciences
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.3390/ijms18020314
更新日期：2017-02-02 00:00:00
