Connectivity reveals relationship of brain areas for reward-guided learning and decision making in human and monkey frontal cortex.

abstract：:Genomes exhibit diverse patterns of species-specific GC content, GC and AT skews, codon bias, and mutation bias. Despite intensive investigations and the rapid accumulation of sequence data, the causes of these a priori different genome biases have not been agreed on and seem multifactorial and idiosyncratic. We show ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Vetsigian K,Goldenfeld N

更新日期：2009-01-06 00:00:00

abstract：:The emergence of resistance to multiple unrelated chemotherapeutic drugs impedes the treatment of several cancers. Although the involvement of ATP-binding cassette transporters has long been known, there is no in situ method capable of tracking this transporter-related resistance at the single-cell level without inter...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kuss S,Polcari D,Geissler M,Brassard D,Mauzeroll J

更新日期：2013-06-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Cambodia, in which both Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are endemic, has been the focus of numerous malaria-control interventions, resulting in a marked decline in overall malaria incidence. Despite this decline, the number of P vivax cases has actually increased. To understand better the factors underlying...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Parobek CM,Lin JT,Saunders DL,Barnett EJ,Lon C,Lanteri CA,Balasubramanian S,Brazeau N,DeConti DK,Garba DL,Meshnick SR,Spring MD,Chuor CM,Bailey JA,Juliano JJ

更新日期：2016-12-13 00:00:00

abstract：:The structure of the adeno-associated virus (AAV-2) has been determined to 3-A resolution by x-ray crystallography. AAV is being developed as a vector for gene therapy to treat diseases including hemophilia, cancer, and cystic fibrosis. As in the distantly related autonomous parvoviruses, the capsid protein has a beta...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Xie Q,Bu W,Bhatia S,Hare J,Somasundaram T,Azzi A,Chapman MS

更新日期：2002-08-06 00:00:00

abstract：:Escherichia coli O157:H7, a toxin-producing food and waterborne bacterial pathogen, has been linked to large outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness for more than two decades. E. coli O157 causes a wide range of clinical illness that varies by outbreak, although factors that contribute to variation in disease severity a...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Manning SD,Motiwala AS,Springman AC,Qi W,Lacher DW,Ouellette LM,Mladonicky JM,Somsel P,Rudrik JT,Dietrich SE,Zhang W,Swaminathan B,Alland D,Whittam TS

更新日期：2008-03-25 00:00:00

abstract：:State transition in photosynthesis is a short-term balancing mechanism of energy distribution between photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). When PSII is preferentially excited (state 2), a pool of mobile light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) antenna proteins is thought to migrate from PSII to PSI, but biochemic...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Takahashi H,Iwai M,Takahashi Y,Minagawa J

更新日期：2006-01-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Resistance to cobalt, zinc, and cadmium specified by the czc determinant on plasmid pMOL30 in Alcaligenes eutrophus results from a cation efflux system. Five membrane-bound polypeptides that were expressed in Escherichia coli from this determinant under the control of a phage T7 promoter were assigned to four open rea...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Nies DH,Nies A,Chu L,Silver S

更新日期：1989-10-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A mutant (ML 308-22) was isolated from Escherichia coli ML 308, which had lost the normal capacity to accumulate lactose analogs despite an increase in the membrane carrier activity. The exit of thiomethylgalactoside was much faster than normal, accounting for the inability of the cell to maintain high intracellular c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wong PT,Kashket ER,Wilson TH

更新日期：1970-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:There are some ∼1,100 known antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which permeabilize microbial membranes but have diverse sequences. Here, we develop a support vector machine (SVM)-based classifier to investigate ⍺-helical AMPs and the interrelated nature of their functional commonality and sequence homology. SVM is used to ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Lee EY,Fulan BM,Wong GC,Ferguson AL

更新日期：2016-11-29 00:00:00

abstract：:This paper reports the results of a large-scale field experiment designed to test the hypothesis that group membership can increase participation and prosocial lending for an online crowdlending community, Kiva. The experiment uses variations on a simple email manipulation to encourage Kiva members to join a lending t...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ai W,Chen R,Chen Y,Mei Q,Phillips W

更新日期：2016-12-27 00:00:00

abstract：:Addition of antisense oligonucleotides to cell cultures has been used to specifically inhibit gene expression. We have investigated the mechanism by which oligonucleotides enter living cells. These compounds are taken up by cells in a saturable, size-dependent manner compatible with receptor-mediated endocytosis. Poly...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Loke SL,Stein CA,Zhang XH,Mori K,Nakanishi M,Subasinghe C,Cohen JS,Neckers LM

更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We study a simple antiplane fault of finite length embedded in a homogeneous isotropic elastic solid to understand the origin of seismic source heterogeneity in the presence of nonlinear rate- and state-dependent friction. All the mechanical properties of the medium and friction are assumed homogeneous. Friction inclu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Madariaga R,Cochard A

更新日期：1996-04-30 00:00:00

abstract：:We present molecular dating analyses for land plants that incorporate 33 fossil calibrations, permit rates of molecular evolution to be uncorrelated across the tree, and take into account uncertainties in phylogenetic relationships and the fossil record. We attached a prior probability to each fossil-based minimum age...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Smith SA,Beaulieu JM,Donoghue MJ

更新日期：2010-03-30 00:00:00

abstract：:A plasmid construct expressing the p66 version of the human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase as a bacterial fusion protein was subjected to in vitro mutagenesis, and the resulting variant proteins were assayed to define the locations of the two major enzymatic activities. The DNA polymerase activity was lo...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Prasad VR,Goff SP

更新日期：1989-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The MoxR family of AAA+ ATPases is widespread throughout bacteria and archaea but remains poorly characterized. We recently found that the Escherichia coli MoxR protein, RavA (Regulatory ATPase variant A), tightly interacts with the inducible lysine decarboxylase, LdcI/CadA, to form a unique cage-like structure. Here,...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： El Bakkouri M,Gutsche I,Kanjee U,Zhao B,Yu M,Goret G,Schoehn G,Burmeister WP,Houry WA

更新日期：2010-12-28 00:00:00

abstract：:Complex phenotypes can be modeled as networks of component traits connected by genetic, developmental, or functional interactions. Aposematism, which has evolved multiple times in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae), links a warning signal to a chemical defense against predators. Other traits are involved in this complex phe...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Santos JC,Cannatella DC

更新日期：2011-04-12 00:00:00

abstract：:A central role for phenotypic plasticity in adaptive evolution is often posited yet lacks empirical support. Selection for the stable production of an induced phenotype is hypothesized to modify the regulation of preexisting developmental pathways, producing rapid adaptive change. We examined the role of plasticity in...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Scoville AG,Pfrender ME

更新日期：2010-03-02 00:00:00

abstract：:Excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system is mediated predominantly by glutamate receptor (GluR) channels of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate/kainate (AMPA/KA) receptor type. A major improvement in our understanding of glutamatergic synaptic transmission has been ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Keller BU,Blaschke M,Rivosecchi R,Hollmann M,Heinemann SF,Konnerth A

更新日期：1993-01-15 00:00:00

abstract：:RNA transcription in Euglena gracilis chloroplasts has been characterized by hybridization of RNA from cells at different stages of chloroplast development to (3)H-labeled chloroplast DNA restriction endonuclease fragments. Chloroplast DNA was digested into five fragments of 53,000, 35,000, 25,000, 10,000, and 6900 ba...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chelm BK,Hallick RB,Gray PW

更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An artificial increase of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels in Sinorhizobium meliloti 8530, a bacterium that does not carry known cellulose synthesis genes, leads to overproduction of a substance that binds the dyes Congo red and calcofluor. Sugar composition and methylation analyses and NMR studies identified this...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Pérez-Mendoza D,Rodríguez-Carvajal MÁ,Romero-Jiménez L,Farias Gde A,Lloret J,Gallegos MT,Sanjuán J

更新日期：2015-02-17 00:00:00

abstract：:Electronic nematicity, a correlated state that spontaneously breaks rotational symmetry, is observed in several layered quantum materials. In contrast to their liquid-crystal counterparts, the nematic director cannot usually point in an arbitrary direction (XY nematics), but is locked by the crystal to discrete direct...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ishida K,Tsujii M,Hosoi S,Mizukami Y,Ishida S,Iyo A,Eisaki H,Wolf T,Grube K,V Löhneysen H,Fernandes RM,Shibauchi T

更新日期：2020-03-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Ecological interactions shape adaptations through coevolution not only between pairs of species but also through entire multispecies assemblages. Local coevolution can then be further altered through spatial processes that have been formally partitioned in the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution. A major current c...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Medeiros LP,Garcia G,Thompson JN,Guimarães PR Jr

更新日期：2018-11-20 00:00:00

abstract：:Dopamine is believed to contribute to the degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons in the brain. However, whether dopamine affects the survival of other neuronal populations has remained unclear. Here we document that mice with persistently elevated extracellular dopamine, resulting from inactivation of the dopamin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Cyr M,Beaulieu JM,Laakso A,Sotnikova TD,Yao WD,Bohn LM,Gainetdinov RR,Caron MG

更新日期：2003-09-16 00:00:00

abstract：:Phagocytosis is a primary defense program orchestrated by monocytes/macrophages. Unregulated phagocytosis can lead to pathological conditions. In the current study we have demonstrated that Wnt5a stimulates phagocytosis through PI3 kinase-Rac1 and lipid-raft-dependent processes. Wnt5a-mediated augmentation in phagocyt...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Maiti G,Naskar D,Sen M

更新日期：2012-10-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Collagen fibrils can exceed thousands of microns in length and are therefore the longest, largest, and most size-pleomorphic protein polymers in vertebrates; thus, knowing how cells transport collagen fibrils is essential for a more complete understanding of protein transport and its role in tissue morphogenesis. Here...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kalson NS,Starborg T,Lu Y,Mironov A,Humphries SM,Holmes DF,Kadler KE

更新日期：2013-12-03 00:00:00

abstract：:Noncompetitive inhibitors of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors suppress cation flux directly by binding in and blocking the open channel or indirectly by stabilizing closed states of the receptor. The lidocaine derivative QX-314 and the acridine derivative quinacrine act directly as open channel blockers, bu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Yu Y,Shi L,Karlin A

更新日期：2003-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:We have developed a homologous in vitro transcription system that requires (i) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (called TCDD or dioxin), (ii) the Ah receptor, and (iii) a dioxin-responsive enhancer for activity. Unfractionated nuclear extracts from mouse hepatoma cells contain an inhibitor and fail to direct transc...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wen LP,Koeiman N,Whitlock JP Jr

更新日期：1990-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Freezing avoidance conferred by different types of antifreeze proteins in various polar and subpolar fishes represents a remarkable example of cold adaptation, but how these unique proteins arose is unknown. We have found that the antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) of the predominant Antarctic fish taxon, the notothenio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Chen L,DeVries AL,Cheng CH

更新日期：1997-04-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Concepts organize the relationship among individual stimuli or events by highlighting shared features. Often, new goals require updating conceptual knowledge to reflect relationships based on different goal-relevant features. Here, our aim is to determine how hippocampal (HPC) object representations are organized and ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Mack ML,Love BC,Preston AR

更新日期：2016-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:The cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR) includes induction of the c-jun and EGR1 early response genes. The present work has examined potential cytoplasmic signaling cascades that transduce IR-induced signals to the nucleus. The results demonstrate activation of the 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase, pp90rsk, in...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kharbanda S,Saleem A,Shafman T,Emoto Y,Weichselbaum R,Kufe D

更新日期：1994-06-07 00:00:00