Abstract：
:The proportion of total limb length taken up by the individual skeletal elements (limb proportionality), varies widely between species. These diverse skeletal forms have evolved to allow for a range of limb uses and they first emerge as the embryo develops, to achieve the characteristic skeletal architecture of each species. During this time, the developing skeleton experiences mechanical loading as a result of embryonic muscle contraction. The possibility that adaptation to such mechanical input may allow embryos to coordinate the appearance of skeletal design with their expanding range of movements has so far received little attention. This is surprising, given the critical role exerted by embryo movement in normal skeletal development; stage-specific in ovo immobilisation of embryonic chicks results in joint contractures and a reduction in longitudinal bone growth in the limbs. Epigenetic mechanisms allow for selective activation of genes in response to environmental signals, resulting in the production of phenotypic complexity in morphogenesis; mechanical loading of bone during movement appears to be one such signal. It may be that 'mechanosensitive' genes under regulation of mechanical input adjust proportionality along the bone's proximo-distal axis, introducing a level of phenotypic plasticity. If this hypothesis is upheld, species with more elongated distal limb elements will have a greater dependence on mechanical input for the differences in their growth, and mechanosensitive bone growth in the embryo may have evolved as an additional source of phenotypic diversity during skeletal development.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Pollard AS,McGonnell IM,Pitsillides AAdoi
10.1111/joa.12171subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2014-06-01 00:00:00pages
615-23issue
6eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580journal_volume
224pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：:This study examined NADPH-d and nNOS expression in the SCG of hamsters. By light microscopy, numerous NADPH-d/NOS positive processes were widely distributed in the ganglion. Ultrastructurally, the NADPH-d reaction product was associated with the membranous organelles of neuronal soma, dendrites, myelinated fibres, sma...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19730461.x
更新日期：2000-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The elastic cartilage of the rat epiglottis was studied with a high-resolution SEM technique. The chondrocytes were found to be anchored in their lacunae by fibrils running in from the territorial matrix. This matrix exhibited a dense network of fibrils arranged tangentially around the lacunar cavity. The fibrils of t...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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abstract：:Primates have shoulders adapted to a wide range of locomotor functions from terrestrial pronograde quadrupedalism to highly arboreal suspensory behaviours. The shape of the scapula tightly follows these functional differences. Previous analyses of primate postcrania, including the scapula, indicate that quadrupedal mo...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00639.x
更新日期：2006-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution and form of amoeboid microglia in the brain of neonatal rats have been studied with the light and electron microscope. With the silver carbonate method of Rio-Hortega, two major 'colonies' of amoeboid microglia are identified: (1) in the supraventricular corpus callosum in which the nerve fibres are w...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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abstract：:A series of semen samples from recently fertile men was obtained by masturbation. They were washed and placed in short term culture in BWW medium, and labelled either with tritiated uridine or tritiated tyrosine. Control samples were labelled in the presence of actinomycin D and puromycin respectively, and examined by...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1987-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19320241.x
更新日期：1998-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19020289.x
更新日期：1997-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
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更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00960.x
更新日期：2008-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1983-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2011-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12418
更新日期：2016-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01018.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1976-02-01 00:00:00
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更新日期：2007-01-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
