Abstract：
:Apart from molecular data, nearly all the evidence used to study primate relationships comes from hard tissues. Here, we provide details of the first parsimony and Bayesian cladistic analyses of the order Primates based exclusively on muscle data. The most parsimonious tree obtained from the cladistic analysis of 166 characters taken from the head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature is fully congruent with the most recent evolutionary molecular tree of Primates. That is, this tree recovers not only the relationships among the major groups of primates, i.e. Strepsirrhini {Tarsiiformes [Platyrrhini (Cercopithecidae, Hominoidea)]}, but it also recovers the relationships within each of these inclusive groups. Of the 301 character state changes occurring in this tree, ca. 30% are non-homoplasic evolutionary transitions; within the 220 changes that are unambiguously optimized in the tree, ca. 15% are reversions. The trees obtained by using characters derived from the muscles of the head and neck are more similar to the most recent evolutionary molecular tree than are the trees obtained by using characters derived from the pectoral and upper limb muscles. It was recently argued that since the Pan/Homo split, chimpanzees accumulated more phenotypic adaptations than humans, but our results indicate that modern humans accumulated more muscle character state changes than chimpanzees, and that both these taxa accumulated more changes than gorillas. This overview of the evolution of the primate head, neck, pectoral and upper limb musculature suggests that the only muscle groups for which modern humans have more muscles than most other extant primates are the muscles of the face, larynx and forearm.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Diogo R,Wood Bdoi
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01403.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-09-01 00:00:00pages
273-359issue
3eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580journal_volume
219pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:This study was prompted by the prospect of transgenic pigs providing donor hearts for transplantation in human recipients. Autonomic innervation is important for the control of cardiac dynamics, especially in the conduction system. Our objective was to assess the relative distribution of autonomic nerves in the pig he...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1999.19530341.x
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abstract：:The effect of serum prolactin elevation on the growth and development of the rat breast was investigated. Oral administration of the dopamine antagonist, perphenazine, led to a 5-10-fold elevation of serum prolactin after two days of treatment which was maintained for the 54 days of study. A significant (P less than 0...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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abstract：:The architecture of the fibres in the sciatic nerve of the dog has been analysed by following the degeneration of fibres resulting from division of the individual spinal nerves which contribute to the sciatic nerve. A pattern has been demonstrated which varies in part with the size of the contribution to the sciatic n...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12586
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00840.x
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1998.19330449.x
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12590
更新日期：2017-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01129.x
更新日期：2009-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19630485.x
更新日期：2000-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00119.x
更新日期：2002-12-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12610
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2018-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19120245.x
更新日期：1997-08-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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更新日期：1980-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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更新日期：1976-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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doi：
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of anatomy
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