Abstract:
:In the last 60,000 y humans have expanded across the globe and now occupy a wider range than any other terrestrial species. Our ability to successfully adapt to such a diverse range of habitats is often explained in terms of our cognitive ability. Humans have relatively bigger brains and more computing power than other animals, and this allows us to figure out how to live in a wide range of environments. Here we argue that humans may be smarter than other creatures, but none of us is nearly smart enough to acquire all of the information necessary to survive in any single habitat. In even the simplest foraging societies, people depend on a vast array of tools, detailed bodies of local knowledge, and complex social arrangements and often do not understand why these tools, beliefs, and behaviors are adaptive. We owe our success to our uniquely developed ability to learn from others. This capacity enables humans to gradually accumulate information across generations and develop well-adapted tools, beliefs, and practices that are too complex for any single individual to invent during their lifetime.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Boyd R,Richerson PJ,Henrich Jdoi
10.1073/pnas.1100290108subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2011-06-28 00:00:00pages
10918-25eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
1100290108journal_volume
108 Suppl 2pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Tumor necrosis factors (TNF) alpha and beta are structurally related cytokines that mediate a wide range of immunological, inflammatory, and cytotoxic effects. During bacterial infection of the bloodstream (sepsis), TNF-alpha induction by bacterial endotoxin is thought to be a major factor contributing to the cardiova...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10535
更新日期:1991-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The homogeneous exchange process whereby IgG molecules adsorbed onto latex particles are replaced by IgG molecules from the bulk solution was studied by means of 125I radiolabeling. The exchange mechanism was investigated on surfaces saturated with either labeled or unlabeled proteins in the presence of a solution of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.15.7330
更新日期:1994-07-19 00:00:00
abstract::Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is synthesized in the brain, and a single type of cloned receptor for the N-terminal portion of PTHrP and PTH is present in the central nervous system. Nothing is known about the physiological actions or signaling pathways used by PTHrP in the brain. Using cultured rat hippo...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.22.10182
更新日期:1995-10-24 00:00:00
abstract::Tactile-foraging ducks are specialist birds known for their touch-dependent feeding behavior. They use dabbling, straining, and filtering to find edible matter in murky water, relying on the sense of touch in their bill. Here, we present the molecular characterization of embryonic duck bill, which we show contains a h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1708793114
更新日期:2017-12-05 00:00:00
abstract::Animal movements result from a complex balance of many different forces. Muscles produce force to move the body; the body has inertial, elastic, and damping properties that may aid or oppose the muscle force; and the environment produces reaction forces back on the body. The actual motion is an emergent property of th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1011564107
更新日期:2010-11-16 00:00:00
abstract::We prepared a stable cell line expressing the glucagon receptor to characterize the effect of G(s)-coupled receptor stimulation on extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity. Glucagon treatment of the cell line caused a dose-dependent increase in cAMP concentration, activation of cAMP-dependen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.131200398
更新日期:2001-08-28 00:00:00
abstract::CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) functions as a pleiotropic transcriptional activator of adipocyte genes during adipogenesis. Nuclear factor C/EBP undifferentiated protein (CUP), an isoform of activator protein-2alpha (AP-2alpha), binds to repressive elements in the C/EBPalpha gene promoter, silencing...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.220426097
更新日期:2000-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Vibrio cholerae is both an inhabitant of estuarine environments and the etiologic agent of the diarrheal disease cholera. Previous work has demonstrated that V. cholerae forms both an exopolysaccharide-dependent biofilm and a Ca2+-dependent biofilm. In this work, we demonstrate a role for the O-antigen polysaccharide ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2334614100
更新日期:2003-11-25 00:00:00
abstract::Gamma delta (γδ) T cells represent a major IL-17 committed T-cell population (γδT17 cells) in the mouse dermis. Following exposure to the inflammatory agent imiquimod (IMQ) the Vγ4(+) subset of γδT cells produce IL-17 in the skin and expand rapidly in draining lymph nodes (LNs). Local IMQ treatment in humans is known ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1508990112
更新日期:2015-06-30 00:00:00
abstract::Investigations using the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have shown that the circadian clock gene period (Per) can influence behavioral responses to cocaine. Here we show that the mouse homologues of the Drosophila Per gene, mPer1 and mPer2, modulate cocaine sensitization and reward, two phenomena extensively studie...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.142039099
更新日期:2002-06-25 00:00:00
abstract::The migration of lymphocytes into inflammatory tissue requires the migrating cell to overcome mechanical forces produced by blood flow. A generally accepted hypothesis is that these forces are overcome by a multistep sequence of adhesive interactions between lymphocytes and endothelial cells. This hypothesis has been ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1232173100
更新日期:2003-06-10 00:00:00
abstract::Insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are ubiquitous growth factors that regulate proliferation in most mammalian tissues including pancreatic islets. To explore the specificity of insulin receptors in compensatory beta-cell growth, we examined two models of insulin resistance. In the first model, we used li...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0608703104
更新日期:2007-05-22 00:00:00
abstract::Evidence is presented for two natural transcription initiators positioned internally in the histidine operon of Salmonella typhimurium. They were detected using highly polar S. typhimurium his mutants as recipients for F' Escherichia coli his episomes. These intergeneric complementation tests provide a sensitive metho...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.65.4.925
更新日期:1970-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitrate biosynthesis was studied in LPS-sensitive C3H/He and LPS-resistant C3H/HeJ mice. Intraperitoneal injection of 15 micrograms of LPS led to a temporary 5- to 6-fold increase in blood nitrate concentration in the C3H/He strain. Levels of nitrate excreted in the ur...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.22.7738
更新日期:1985-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We describe a method that combines two- and three-color single-molecule FRET spectroscopy with 2D FRET efficiency-lifetime analysis to probe the oligomerization process of intrinsically disordered proteins. This method is applied to the oligomerization of the tetramerization domain (TD) of the tumor suppressor protein...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1700357114
更新日期:2017-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::LINEs are transposable elements found in various eukaryotes such as plants, protists, insects, and mammals. Their transposition is usually difficult to study, particularly in humans, where some diseases have been shown to result from LINE insertion mutations. This is due to the fact that most copies of any particular ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.11.4907
更新日期:1991-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::A compact, well-organized, and natural motif, stabilized by three disulfide bonds, is proposed as a basic scaffold for protein engineering. This motif contains 37 amino acids only and is formed by a short helix on one face and an antiparallel triple-stranded beta-sheet on the opposite face. It has been adopted by scor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.92.14.6404
更新日期:1995-07-03 00:00:00
abstract::Diabetes is now the most common cause of progressive kidney failure leading to dialysis or transplantation. The central pathological feature of diabetic nephropathy is accumulation of extracellular matrix within the glomeruli. The factors in the diabetic milieu responsible for extracellular matrix accumulation are not...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.5.1814
更新日期:1993-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Hodgkin disease (HD) is characterized by a small number of malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells among a major population of nonmalignant cells. The analysis of H/RS cells has been hampered by their low frequency and fragility. Here, we describe the isolation of viable H/RS cells from HD affected tissues b...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10117
更新日期:1998-08-18 00:00:00
abstract::Cytolytic pore-forming toxins are important for the virulence of many disease-causing bacteria. How target cells molecularly respond to these toxins and whether or not they can mount a defense are poorly understood. By using microarrays, we demonstrate that the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans responds robustly to Cry5...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0404073101
更新日期:2004-07-27 00:00:00
abstract::Spatial working memory or short-term place memory is impaired in schizophrenia. The efficiency of antipsychotic drugs, particularly of typical antipsychotics, on cognitive deficit in schizophrenia remains disputable. Inhibition of serotonin (5-HT) 2A/2C receptors is important for cognitive improvement in schizophrenic...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0711273105
更新日期:2008-01-22 00:00:00
abstract::Leukocyte adherence to endothelium is in part mediated by the transient expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) on endothelial surfaces stimulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL) 1, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The intracellular factors controlling induction of...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.15.6523
更新日期:1991-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::Homeobox 9 (HOXB9), a nontransforming transcription factor overexpressed in breast cancer, alters tumor cell fate and promotes tumor progression and metastasis. Here we show that HOXB9 confers resistance to ionizing radiation by promoting DNA damage response. In nonirradiated cells, HOXB9 induces spontaneous DNA damag...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1018867108
更新日期:2012-02-21 00:00:00
abstract::Tomato flavor is dependent upon a complex mixture of volatiles including multiple acetate esters. Red-fruited species of the tomato clade accumulate a relatively low content of acetate esters in comparison with the green-fruited species. We show that the difference in volatile ester content between the red- and green-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1216515109
更新日期:2012-11-13 00:00:00
abstract::Mild oxidation of human serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) converts the apoprotein from a nearly homogeneous component of high apparent molecular weight to a mixture of apparently lower molecular weight polypeptide components, as characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.7.3173
更新日期:1978-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Anti-immunoglobulin treatment of fura-2-loaded Daudi cells induces a calcium mobilization as judged by the increase in the fluorescence of the dye fura-2, AM. No calcium mobilization by N-fMet-Leu-Phe is observed in these cells. However, exposure of the cells to N-fMet-Leu-Phe after the first hit with anti-immunoglobu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.23.9204
更新日期:1988-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe contain multiple imperfect copies of the consensus sequence reported by Maundrell et al. [Maundrell K., Hutchison, A. & Shall, S. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 2203-2209]. When cell free extracts of S. pombe were incubated with a dimer...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.1.502
更新日期:1996-01-09 00:00:00
abstract::Extraction of thylakoid membranes with cholate in the presence of ammonium sulfate inactivated oxygen evolution and liberated a managanese-containing protein. This protein could be combined with preformed liposomes containing the depleted thylakoid membranes to restore 85% of the original oxygen-evolution activity. Th...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.77.2.957
更新日期:1980-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Unqualified, the statement that approximately 1.3% of the approximately 10,000 presently known bird species have become extinct since A.D. 1500 yields an estimate of approximately 26 extinctions per million species per year (or 26 E/MSY). This is higher than the benchmark rate of approximately 1 E/MSY before human imp...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103
更新日期:2006-07-18 00:00:00
abstract::The Escherichia coli chaperonins GroEL and GroES facilitate the refolding of polypeptide chains in an ATP hydrolysis-dependent reaction. The elementary steps in the binding and release of polypeptide substrates to GroEL were investigated in surface plasmon resonance studies to measure the rates of binding and dissocia...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.5.1977
更新日期:1996-03-05 00:00:00