Cocaine sensitization and reward are under the influence of circadian genes and rhythm.

abstract：:Substantial proportions of mammalian genomes comprise repetitive elements including endogenous retrotransposons. Although these play diverse roles during development, their appropriate silencing is critically important in maintaining genomic integrity in the host cells. The major mechanism for retrotransposon silencin...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hatanaka Y,Inoue K,Oikawa M,Kamimura S,Ogonuki N,Kodama EN,Ohkawa Y,Tsukada Y,Ogura A

更新日期：2015-11-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Insertion of the transposon Tn5 into the T-region of the octopine Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens gives rise to crown gall tumors having altered morphology. Three loci within the T-DNA that control tumor morphology have been detected [Garfinkel, D. J., Simpson, R. B., Ream, L. W., White, F. F., Gordon, M. P. &...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Akiyoshi DE,Morris RO,Hinz R,Mischke BS,Kosuge T,Garfinkel DJ,Gordon MP,Nester EW

更新日期：1983-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The central limit theorem is applied to group foraging to show an automatic and universal benefit to group living. This may explain the paradoxical inverse correlation between group size and per capita brood production in primitively eusocial insects and why only one of the five major lineages of social insects contai...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wenzel JW,Pickering J

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Facial expressions of emotion in humans are believed to be produced by contracting one's facial muscles, generally called action units. However, the surface of the face is also innervated with a large network of blood vessels. Blood flow variations in these vessels yield visible color changes on the face. Here, we stu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Benitez-Quiroz CF,Srinivasan R,Martinez AM

更新日期：2018-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:In many human cancers, tumor-specific chromosomal rearrangements are known to create chimeric products with the ability to transform cells. The EWS/WT1 protein is such a fusion product, resulting from a t(11;22) chromosomal translocation in desmoplastic small round cell tumors, where 265 aa from the EWS amino terminus...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kim J,Lee JM,Branton PE,Pelletier J

更新日期：1999-12-07 00:00:00

abstract：:The human cerebral cortex contains many cell types that likely underwent independent functional changes during evolution. However, cell-type-specific regulatory landscapes in the cortex remain largely unexplored. Here we report epigenomic and transcriptomic analyses of the two main cortical neuronal subtypes, glutamat...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kozlenkov A,Vermunt MW,Apontes P,Li J,Hao K,Sherwood CC,Hof PR,Ely JJ,Wegner M,Mukamel EA,Creyghton MP,Koonin EV,Dracheva S

更新日期：2020-11-10 00:00:00

abstract：:Glucose, one of the most important nutrients for animals, acts as a regulatory signal that controls the secretion of hormones, such as insulin, by endocrine tissues. However, how organisms respond to extracellular glucose and how glucose controls nutrient homeostasis remain unknown. Here, we show that a putative Droso...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kohyama-Koganeya A,Kim YJ,Miura M,Hirabayashi Y

更新日期：2008-10-07 00:00:00

abstract：:A single animal group can display different types of collective motion at different times. For a one-dimensional individual-based model of self-organizing group formation, we show that repeated switching between distinct ordered collective states can occur entirely because of stochastic effects. We introduce a framewo...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kolpas A,Moehlis J,Kevrekidis IG

更新日期：2007-04-03 00:00:00

abstract：:The interaction of activated Ras with Raf initiates signaling cascades that contribute to a significant percentage of human tumors, suggesting that agents that specifically disrupt this interaction might have desirable chemotherapeutic properties. We used a subtractive forward two-hybrid approach to identify small mol...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kato-Stankiewicz J,Hakimi I,Zhi G,Zhang J,Serebriiskii I,Guo L,Edamatsu H,Koide H,Menon S,Eckl R,Sakamuri S,Lu Y,Chen QZ,Agarwal S,Baumbach WR,Golemis EA,Tamanoi F,Khazak V

更新日期：2002-10-29 00:00:00

abstract：:The recent intensification of agriculture, and the prospects of future intensification, will have major detrimental impacts on the nonagricultural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the world. The doubling of agricultural food production during the past 35 years was associated with a 6.87-fold increase in nitrogen ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Tilman D

更新日期：1999-05-25 00:00:00

abstract：:Mutations are introduced into rearranged Ig variable genes at a frequency of 10(-2) mutations per base pair by an unknown mechanism. Assuming that DNA repair pathways generate or remove mutations, the frequency and pattern of mutation will be different in variable genes from mice defective in repair. Therefore, hyperm...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Winter DB,Phung QH,Umar A,Baker SM,Tarone RE,Tanaka K,Liskay RM,Kunkel TA,Bohr VA,Gearhart PJ

更新日期：1998-06-09 00:00:00

abstract：:Strength and other mechanical properties of cement and concrete rely upon the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (C-S-H) during cement hydration. Controlling structure and properties of the C-S-H phase is a challenge, due to the complexity of this hydration product and of the mechanisms that drive its precipitatio...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Ioannidou K,Krakowiak KJ,Bauchy M,Hoover CG,Masoero E,Yip S,Ulm FJ,Levitz P,Pellenq RJ,Del Gado E

更新日期：2016-02-23 00:00:00

abstract：:Heparanase is an endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate side chains of proteoglycans, resulting in disassembly of the extracellular matrix underlying endothelial and epithelial cells and associating with enhanced cell invasion and metastasis. Heparanase expression is induced in carcinomas and sarcomas, often ass...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Weissmann M,Arvatz G,Horowitz N,Feld S,Naroditsky I,Zhang Y,Ng M,Hammond E,Nevo E,Vlodavsky I,Ilan N

更新日期：2016-01-19 00:00:00

abstract：:The potential involvement of ceramide-related signaling processes in the induction of apoptosis by tumor necrosis factor alpha was assessed by multiple biochemical strategies in the human leukemic cell lines HL-60 and U937 and the murine fibrosarcoma cell lines L929/LM and WEHI 164/13. Exposure of these cells to tumor...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Jarvis WD,Kolesnick RN,Fornari FA,Traylor RS,Gewirtz DA,Grant S

更新日期：1994-01-04 00:00:00

abstract：:Genes that are up- and down-regulated by thyroid hormone in the tail resorption program of Xenopus laevis have been isolated by a gene expression screen, sequenced, and identified in the GenBank data base. The entire program is estimated to consist of fewer than 35 up-regulated and fewer than 10 down-regulated genes; ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brown DD,Wang Z,Furlow JD,Kanamori A,Schwartzman RA,Remo BF,Pinder A

更新日期：1996-03-05 00:00:00

abstract：:An electrophoretically slow albumin variant was detected with a phenotype frequency of about 1:1000 in Sweden and was also found in a family of Scottish descent from Kaikoura, New Zealand, and in five families in Tradate, Italy. Structural study established that the major variant component was arginyl-albumin, in whic...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Brennan SO,Arai K,Madison J,Laurell CB,Galliano M,Watkins S,Peach R,Myles T,George P,Putnam FW

更新日期：1990-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Mast cells (MCs) are potent inflammatory cells that are distributed throughout mucosal barrier tissues and respond rapidly to pathogenic stimuli. During helminth infections, MCs play an important role as late-stage effectors. However, it is currently unknown whether MCs contribute to the early innate events that deter...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hepworth MR,Daniłowicz-Luebert E,Rausch S,Metz M,Klotz C,Maurer M,Hartmann S

更新日期：2012-04-24 00:00:00

abstract：:Neutron diffraction maps have been used to assign the rotor conformations of the hydroxyl hydrogens in trypsin. Knowledge of these conformations is used to assess the relative importance of steric and electrostatic effects in conferring the H-bonding geometries of these groups. A general finding was that most hydroxyl...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Kossiakoff AA,Shpungin J,Sintchak MD

更新日期：1990-06-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The first definitive/adult-type hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the mouse aorta-gonad-mesonephros region emerge between embryonic days 10.5 and 11.5. The discovery of clusters of hematopoietic cells on the ventral luminal surface of the dorsal aorta in various vertebrate species has led to speculation that the floo...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Taoudi S,Medvinsky A

更新日期：2007-05-29 00:00:00

abstract：:Spermatogonia are the male germ stem cells that continuously produce sperm for the next generation. Spermatogenesis is a complicated process that proceeds through mitotic phase of stem cell renewal and differentiation, meiotic phase, and postmeiotic phase of spermiogenesis. Full recapitulation of spermatogenesis in vi...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hong Y,Liu T,Zhao H,Xu H,Wang W,Liu R,Chen T,Deng J,Gui J

更新日期：2004-05-25 00:00:00

abstract：:In the growth plate of endochondral bones, parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) regulates the rate of chondrocyte maturation from prehypertrophic chondrocytes to hypertrophic chondrocytes. Using an antibody specific for Sox9 phosphorylated at serine 181 (S(181)), one of the two consensus protein kinase A ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Huang W,Chung UI,Kronenberg HM,de Crombrugghe B

更新日期：2001-01-02 00:00:00

abstract：:The ribonucleotide reductase system of Escherichia coli B participates in the biosynthesis of DNA by reducing ribonucleoside diphosphates to the corresponding deoxyribonucleotides. The enzyme is regulated in a complicated way by allosteric modifiers. We now find that infection of E. coli with the bacteriophage T4 resu...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Berglund O,Karlström O,Reichard P

更新日期：1969-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The self assembly of phospholipid molecules in the bilayer form was considered in terms of equivalent molecular shapes representing intermolecular forces. The equivalent size of each phospholipid headgroup was approximated by the net atomic volume plus the volume of the associated water molecules, which was derived fr...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Hui SW,Sen A

更新日期：1989-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Organ graft rejection is a T-cell-dependent process. The activation of alloreactive T cells requires stimulation of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex by foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded gene products. However, accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to T-cell receptor occupancy, other cost...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Turka LA,Linsley PS,Lin H,Brady W,Leiden JM,Wei RQ,Gibson ML,Zheng XG,Myrdal S,Gordon D

更新日期：1992-11-15 00:00:00

abstract：:Genetic screens have been performed to identify mutants with altered auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis. A tagged allele of the auxin-overproducing mutant sur2 was identified within a transposon mutagenized population. The SUR2 gene was cloned and shown to encode the CYP83B1 protein, which belongs to the large family of...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Barlier I,Kowalczyk M,Marchant A,Ljung K,Bhalerao R,Bennett M,Sandberg G,Bellini C

更新日期：2000-12-19 00:00:00

abstract：:Purified cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP), a potential mediator of vitamin A action, was found to enable retinol to bind in a specific manner to isolated nuclei from livers of vitamin A deficient rats. Binding was followed after complexing [3H]retinol with CRBP. The binding was specific, saturable, and temperat...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Takase S,Ong DE,Chytil F

更新日期：1979-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The Pyrococcus furiosus (PF) ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTCase; EC 2.1.3.3) is an extremely heat-stable enzyme that maintains about 50% of its activity after heat treatment for 60 min at 100 degrees C. To understand the molecular basis of thermostability of this enzyme, we have determined its three-dimensional st...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Villeret V,Clantin B,Tricot C,Legrain C,Roovers M,Stalon V,Glansdorff N,Van Beeumen J

更新日期：1998-03-17 00:00:00

abstract：:From endonuclease EcoRI partial libraries of DNAs from mouse embryo and MOPC 141, a gamma 2b-producing myeloma, clones were isolated by using a DNA fragment carrying the gamma 2b constant (C) region gene as a hybridization probe. One clone from MOPC 141 contained a heavy chain variable (V) gene and the C gamma 2b gene...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Maki R,Traunecker A,Sakano H,Roeder W,Tonegawa S

更新日期：1980-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Most of the cell-surface molecules involved in T-cell immune responses are N-linked glycoproteins. We have investigated the effects of inhibitors of glycoprotein processing on specific T-cell functions, with the dual aims of examining the functional role of carbohydrate and of testing the usefulness of such compounds ...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wall KA,Pierce JD,Elbein AD

更新日期：1988-08-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The mechanism underlying how transcription factors regulate mesenchymal stem cell lineage commitment remains unclear. To determine the role of core-binding factor subunit beta (Cbfβ) in osteoblast lineage commitment, we generated three mouse models by deleting Cbfβ at different osteoblast lineage stages. We demonstrat...

journal_title：Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors： Wu M,Wang Y,Shao JZ,Wang J,Chen W,Li YP

更新日期：2017-09-19 00:00:00