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Ancient DNA reveals late survival of mammoth and horse in interior Alaska.

Abstract：

:Causes of late Quaternary extinctions of large mammals ("megafauna") continue to be debated, especially for continental losses, because spatial and temporal patterns of extinction are poorly known. Accurate latest appearance dates (LADs) for such taxa are critical for interpreting the process of extinction. The extinction of woolly mammoth and horse in northwestern North America is currently placed at 15,000-13,000 calendar years before present (yr BP), based on LADs from dating surveys of macrofossils (bones and teeth). Advantages of using macrofossils to estimate when a species became extinct are offset, however, by the improbability of finding and dating the remains of the last-surviving members of populations that were restricted in numbers or confined to refugia. Here we report an alternative approach to detect 'ghost ranges' of dwindling populations, based on recovery of ancient DNA from perennially frozen and securely dated sediments (sedaDNA). In such contexts, sedaDNA can reveal the molecular presence of species that appear absent in the macrofossil record. We show that woolly mammoth and horse persisted in interior Alaska until at least 10,500 yr BP, several thousands of years later than indicated from macrofossil surveys. These results contradict claims that Holocene survival of mammoths in Beringia was restricted to ecologically isolated high-latitude islands. More importantly, our finding that mammoth and horse overlapped with humans for several millennia in the region where people initially entered the Americas challenges theories that megafaunal extinction occurred within centuries of human arrival or were due to an extraterrestrial impact in the late Pleistocene.

journal_name

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

journal_title

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

authors

Haile J,Froese DG,Macphee RD,Roberts RG,Arnold LJ,Reyes AV,Rasmussen M,Nielsen R,Brook BW,Robinson S,Demuro M,Gilbert MT,Munch K,Austin JJ,Cooper A,Barnes I,Möller P,Willerslev E

doi

10.1073/pnas.0912510106

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2009-12-29 00:00:00

pages

22352-7

issue

52

eissn

0027-8424

issn

1091-6490

pii

0912510106

journal_volume

106

pub_type

历史文章,杂志文章

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