Abstract：
:This paper examines the evidence for an MDMA or "ecstasy" dependence syndrome. Animal evidence suggests that MDMA may be a less potent reinforcer than other drugs, but that it does have dependence potential. This suggests that (a) ecstasy dependence might be less likely than dependence upon other drugs; and (b) factors related to the behavioural and psychological aspects of reward and dependence may make a relatively greater contribution for ecstasy than for other drugs, where physically centred (and better understood) features of dependence may be more salient. Human evidence supports this proposition. Some people report problems with their use, but the literature suggests that physical features play a more limited role than psychological ones. Tolerance is apparent, and withdrawal is self-reported, but it is unclear whether these reports distinguish sub-acute effects of ecstasy intoxication from symptoms reflective of neuroadaptive processes underlying a "true" withdrawal syndrome. Studies examining the structure of dependence upon ecstasy suggest it may be different from drugs such as alcohol, methamphetamine and opioids. Consistent with studies of hallucinogens, a two-factor structure has been identified with factors suggestive of "compulsive use" and "escalating use". Regardless of the nature of any dependence syndrome, however, there is evidence to suggest that a minority of ecstasy users become concerned about their use and seek treatment. Further controlled studies are required to investigate this phenomenon.
journal_name
Drug Alcohol Dependjournal_title
Drug and alcohol dependenceauthors
Degenhardt L,Bruno R,Topp Ldoi
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.09.009subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2010-02-01 00:00:00pages
1-10issue
1eissn
0376-8716issn
1879-0046pii
S0376-8716(09)00364-0journal_volume
107pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract：BACKGROUND:Drug overdose deaths have risen precipitously over the last fifteen years. Substantial geographic variation, beyond a simple rural-urban dichotomy, exists in the concentration of overdose deaths, suggesting the existence of as-yet unidentified environmental variables that predict resilience (or vulnerability...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011
更新日期：2017-04-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.016
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014
更新日期：2011-10-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2018-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.09.030
更新日期：2012-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.020
更新日期：2014-03-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/s0376-8716(00)00119-8
更新日期：2000-12-22 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.007
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.010
更新日期：2010-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.032
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(77)90014-x
更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：OBJECTIVE:To examine lifetime and current prevalence rates of substance use disorders and the demographic and clinical correlates of current drug dependence in a sample of homeless women. METHODS:A cross-sectional study of 196 homeless women in three Canadian cities was done. Each subject was assessed using structured...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.016
更新日期：2011-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,评审
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(75)90005-8
更新日期：1975-09-01 00:00:00
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pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107738
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.033
更新日期：2018-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：RATIONALE:There is evidence that serotonergic processes may modulate the processing of fearful facial expressions. It is therefore possible that the recreational drug 'ecstasy' (MDMA), which has marked serotonergic effects, may affect people's ability to recognise human facial expressions portraying fear. OBJECTIVE:Th...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.006
更新日期：2004-12-07 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.008
更新日期：2011-05-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
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更新日期：2017-11-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(88)90036-1
更新日期：1988-10-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.010
更新日期：2012-06-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108040
更新日期：2020-07-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(78)90038-8
更新日期：1978-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Recent publications claim that the recreational drug ecstasy is considered to be safe by many or most ecstasy users, or by young people or the general public. Unfortunately, there are no references that provide any support for this claim. Previous studies of various populations, including drug users and adolescents in...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.014
更新日期：2005-02-14 00:00:00
abstract：INTRODUCTION:In Florida, since 1998, identical survey items have been used to measure youth smoking status for the CDC sponsored state school-based survey and the tobacco control program evaluation telephone survey. The two surveys should parallel one another to track tobacco use. Tobacco items collected in the two sur...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.024
更新日期：2015-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:Alcohol protective behavioral strategies (PBS) have been proposed as mechanisms of change underlying interventions for reducing alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. Few studies have examined PBS use among non-college student populations and no study has examined PBS use among adult injured patients. The...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.06.037
更新日期：2019-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The test-retest reliability of the Family Tree Questionnaire to detect drinking problems of family members was examined in a sample of 60 male volunteer university undergraduates. The Questionnaire was completed twice. The first occasion employed a group administration procedure, and an average of 4 months later it wa...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/0376-8716(85)90049-3
更新日期：1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：BACKGROUND:The relationship of polymorphisms of the genes that encode for alcohol-metabolizing enzymes and individual vulnerability to alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in women is unclear. We determined the genotypes of ADH1B, ADH1C, CYP2E1 (Dra-I and Pst-I) and ALDH2 in a group of Caucasian Spanish women. ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.002
更新日期：2006-09-15 00:00:00
abstract：:The need for comprehensive analysis to compare and combine data across multiple studies in order to validate and extend results is widely recognized. This paper aims to assess the extent of data compatibility in the substance abuse and addiction (SAA) sciences through an examination of measure commonality, defined as ...
journal_title：Drug and alcohol dependence
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.04.029
更新日期：2014-08-01 00:00:00
