Abstract：
:Many vertebrates have an ocular skeleton composed of cartilage and/or bone situated within the sclera of the eye. In this study we investigated whether modern and fossil sharks have an ocular skeleton, and whether it is conserved in morphology. We describe the scleral skeletal elements of three species of modern sharks and compare them to those found in fossil sharks from the Cleveland Shale (360 Mya). We also compare the elements to contemporaneous arthrodires from the same deposit. Surprisingly, the morphology of the skeletal support of the eye was found to differ significantly between modern and fossil sharks. All three modern shark species examined (spiny dogfish shark Squalus acanthias, porbeagle shark Lamna nasus and blue shark Prionace glauca) have a continuous skeletal element that encapsulates much of the eyeball; however, the tissue composition is different in each species. Histological and morphological examination revealed scleral cartilage with distinct tesserae in parts of the sclera of the porbeagle and blue shark, and more diffuse calcification in the dogfish. Strengthening of the scleral cartilage by means of tesserae has not been reported previously in the shark eye. In striking contrast, the ocular skeleton of fossil sharks comprises a series of individual elements that are arranged in a ring, similar to the arrangement in modern and fossil reptiles. Fossil arthrodires also have a multi-unit sclerotic ring but these are composed of fewer elements than in fossil sharks. The morphology of these elements has implications for the behaviour and visual capabilities of sharks that lived during the Devonian Period. This is the first time that such a dramatic variation in the morphology of scleral skeletal elements has been observed in a single lineage (Chondrichthyes), making this lineage important for broadening our understanding of the evolution of these elements within jawed vertebrates.
journal_name
J Anatjournal_title
Journal of anatomyauthors
Pilgrim BL,Franz-Odendaal TAdoi
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01077.xsubject
Has Abstractpub_date
2009-06-01 00:00:00pages
848-58issue
6eissn
0021-8782issn
1469-7580pii
JOA1077journal_volume
214pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Wallerian degeneration and dying-back pathology are two well-known cellular pathways capable of regulating the breakdown and loss of axonal and synaptic compartments of neurons in vivo. However, the underlying mechanisms and molecular triggers of these pathways remain elusive. Here, we show that loss of translation el...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01007.x
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Several quantitative and morphometric parameters were analysed in the pars principalis of the supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus in control and hypophysectomised rats at several postnatal ages. The cell number in the control group remained approximately constant from Day 1, when it was 5034 +/- 348 (mean +/-...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1990-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Facial expressions are a critical mode of non-vocal communication for many mammals, particularly non-human primates. Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have an elaborate repertoire of facial signals, little is known about the facial expression (i.e. mimetic) musculature underlying these movements, especially when ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00523.x
更新日期：2006-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Degeneration, scar formation and regeneration have been studied after section of the optic nerve in the frog. In the normal optic nerve two types of macroglial cell were identified: astrocytes and oligodendroglia. Degeneration after injury proceeded rapidly in comparison with mammals but did not lead to the production...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1981-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The fabella is a sesamoid bone located in the gastrocnemius behind the lateral femoral condyle. In humans, fabellae are 3.5 times more common today than they were 100 years ago, with prevalence rates varying between and within populations. In particular, fabellae have been assumed to be more common in Asians than non-...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.13091
更新日期：2020-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Peripheral sensory and autonomic neurons are known to possess insulin receptors. These have been considered to be of the peripheral type, i.e. similar to those of hepatic and fat cells rather than of the brain type which show dual specificity for both insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). We have examined th...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19130431.x
更新日期：1997-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The distributing of vimentin and cytokeratin intermediate filaments within the cells of the dental follicle and developing periodontal ligament is described during eruption of the rat 1st molar tooth. Alcohol-fixed tissues from animals ranging from neonates to 12 wk old were cryosectioned, immunolabelled with monoclon...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Serial thin sections of the coronal dental pulp of the cat's canine tooth were cut. Parts of the sub-odontoblastic neural plexus were photographed from 100 of the sections. The plexus consists of many slender, predominantly unmyelinated nerve fibres. Many axons are incompletely sheathed by their Schwann cell. Some axo...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Tetrapod limbs morphology is a reliable proxy of locomotor capacities. Beyond this, other aspects of life habits, such as predation abilities, can also be relevant to determine main morphofunctional appendicular properties, which ultimately reflect a compromise between different factors of the biological role. Dromaeo...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.13153
更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The total number of muscle fibres, as well as the numbers of Type I, Type II and intermediate muscle fibre types, in transverse sections of the pectineus muscles of dogs of 2 and 12 months of age was determined by an indirect fibre counting method. The total nubmers of fibres in all muscles decreased very significantl...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Data are presented on the postnatal growth of the mouse bladder. Both bladder size (measured as surface area) and bladder wet weight increase steadily with age, respectively reaching 2.5 times and 4 times their newborn values by the age of ten weeks. Despite this growth, which may be due principally to non-urothelial ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1985-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins which constitute the major component of the mucus layer and are produce by many epithelial tissues in vertebrates. Osteopontin (OPN) is an adhesive phosphorylated glycoprotein that is expressed by a broad range of tissues and cells. Although gastric mucins MUC1, MUC5AC, M...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01243.x
更新日期：2010-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Alx4 and Msx2 encode homeodomain-containing transcription factors that show a clear functional overlap. In both mice and humans, loss of function of either gene is associated with ossification defects of the skull vault, although the major effect is on the frontal bones in mice and the parietal bones in humans. This s...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.0021-8782.2004.00304.x
更新日期：2004-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study describes at the ultrastructural level the neuronal changes in the intracardiac ganglia of the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) following unilateral vagotomy. One day after unilateral vagotomy, some intracardiac neurons showed an overall increase in electron density, with the dendrites darkening first. At three...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1984-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The bronchial tree was investigated in 37 pairs of lungs of adult dogs using dissection and corrosion techniques. The external morphology of the lungs and their lobes has been described. The right lung was divided by deep fissures into four lobes, the apical, the middle, the diaphragmatic and the intermediate. The lef...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The primary aim of this study is to broadly evaluate the relationship between cursoriality (i.e. anatomical and physiological specialization for running) and limb bone morphology in lagomorphs. Relative to most previous studies of cursoriality, our focus on a size-restricted, taxonomically narrow group of mammals perm...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12220
更新日期：2014-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A qualitative study by light and electron microscopy was undertaken on the liver of the brown trout, Salmo trutta fario. Vessels and bile ducts were observed to be scattered without any apparent order within the parenchyma. Venous profiles appeared either isolated or included in 'venous-arteriolar tracts' (VAT) and 'v...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Ethmoturbinates, nasoturbinates, and maxilloturbinates are well developed in the narial tract of land-dwelling artiodactyls ancestral to whales, but these are greatly reduced or lost entirely in modern whales. Aegyptocetus tarfa is a semiaquatic protocetid from the middle Eocene of Egypt. Computed axial tomography sca...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.13088
更新日期：2020-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The secretory cells of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) oviductal epithelium on the day of ovulation were observed by light and electron microscopy. In the fimbriae two types of secretory cells were observed: one possessed secretory granules with electron-lucent matrices, prominent protrusions and many electr...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1991-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The differentiation and patterning of tendon fibroblasts is at present a poorly understood aspect of musculoskeletal development in the vertebrate limb. Precursors of tendon fibroblasts originate in the somatic mesoderm adjacent to the early limb bud and gradually become incorporated into the limb mesenchyme as develo...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1046/j.1469-7580.2003.00145.x
更新日期：2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The total number of neurons in the medial and lateral habenular nuclei of the rat epithalamus was estimated using modern stereological counting methods and systematic random sampling techniques. Six to eight young adult male rats, and a complete set of serial 40-microm glycolmethacrylate sections for each rat, were us...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00573.x
更新日期：2006-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A monoclonal antibody SBU-3 raised against an antigen expressed by the binucleate cells in the trophoblast of the sheep placentome crossreacts with an antigen expressed by binucleate cells in the placenta of the deer and the cow. This monoclonal antibody has been used to study the distribution of this subpopulation of...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The neurotropic effect of the distal stump of transected sciatic nerve on regenerating axons emerging from the proximal stump was investigated in rats by the coculture of excised neonatal dorsal root ganglia and segments of degenerated and nondegenerated sciatic nerves. In all cultures, neurites from the ganglion exte...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Kinetic changes have been studied in the transitional cells of the marrow in normal, hypoxic (0.5 atm) and rebound rats. Suspensions of marrow cells were incubated with tritiated thymidine for 1 hour, and the percentage of labelled transitionals of all sizes, as well as of large transitionals, was couinted in radioaut...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1980-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The total numbers of fibres in transverse histological sections of the pterygoid muscles of Lister rats of various ages were counted on enlarged photomicrographic prints. The number in the medial pterygoid of the male doubled between birth and six weeks. This was followed by a decrease of rather more than 10 percent i...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1975-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Quantitative craniometrical traits have been successfully incorporated into population genetic methods to provide insight into human population structure. However, little is known about the degree of genetic and non-genetic influences on the phenotypic expression of functionally based traits. Many studies have assesse...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01015.x
更新日期：2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Some aspects of normal obliteration of sutures in rabbit and man were studied histologically and it was found that suture closure took place by intramembranous ossification in specific areas of trans-suturally arranged, tendon-like tissue. Histochemically these areas demonstrated high activity of oxidative enzymes. ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A defining feature of dentitions in modern sharks and rays is the regulated pattern order that generates multiple replacement teeth. These are arranged in labio-lingual files of replacement teeth that form in sequential time order both along the jaw and within successively initiated teeth in a deep dental lamina. Two ...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/joa.12796
更新日期：2018-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:During long bone development the original cartilaginous model in mammals is replaced by bone, but at the long bone endings the avascular articular cartilage remains. Before the articular cartilage attains structural maturity it undergoes reorganization, and molecules such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01377.x
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The distribution of enteroendocrine cells showing immunoreactivities to four peptides and one amine was examined in the gastric mucosa of the opossum during postnatal development using specific immunocytochemical methods. Gastrin-, BPP-, glucagon-, somatostatin- and 5-HT-immunoreactive cells were identified in the gas...
journal_title：Journal of anatomy
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1986-10-01 00:00:00
