Abstract:
:We describe a 98-base-pair region (-38 to +60) in the long terminal repeat of the Drosophila gypsy retrotransposon that is sufficient for accurate normal-level transcription. We find that, unlike most RNA polymerase II (pol II) promoters, the gypsy promoter includes downstream sequences that are required for full activity. Also unlike most pol II promoters, the gypsy promoter, which lacks a TATA motif, was found to have an essential sequence at the transcription initiation site, mutation of which abolishes transcription. These three uncommon features of the gypsy promoter may be characteristic of a subset of pol II promoters, exemplified by certain retrotransposons and developmental genes of Drosophila and by Tdt, the mouse terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT) gene.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Jarrell KA,Meselson Mdoi
10.1073/pnas.88.1.102subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1991-01-01 00:00:00pages
102-4issue
1eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
88pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen. In addition to its importance in human health, there is growing interest in adapting HBV and other viruses for drug delivery and other nanotechnological applications. In both contexts, precise biophysical characterization of these large macromolecular particles is fun...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0800406105
更新日期:2008-07-08 00:00:00
abstract::The TFIID transcription initiation complex is composed of TBP and multiple TAFs. Studies in unicellular systems indicate that TAF250 is required for progression through G(1)/S of the cell cycle and repression of apoptosis. Here we extend these in vivo studies by determining the developmental requirements for TAF250 in...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.3.1154
更新日期:2000-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) are important physiological means to regulate the activities and structures of central regulatory proteins in health and disease. Small GTPases have been recognized as important molecules that are targeted by PTMs during infections of mammalian cells by bacterial pathogens. The e...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1917549117
更新日期:2020-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::To optimize the use of modified adenoviruses as vectors for gene delivery to the myocardium, we have characterized infection of cultured fetal and adult rat cardiac myocytes in vitro and of adult cardiac myocytes in vivo by using a replication-defective adenovirus carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) r...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.24.11498
更新日期:1993-12-15 00:00:00
abstract::Stimulated human monocytes release several proteins thought to play a role in inflammation, including interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and plasminogen activator. We have purified another proinflammatory protein that is chemotactic for human neutrophils from conditioned medium of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mono...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.24.9233
更新日期:1987-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Maintaining a fleet of buses to transport students to school is a major expense for school districts. To reduce costs by reusing buses between schools, many districts spread start times across the morning. However, assigning each school a time involves estimating the impact on transportation costs and reconciling addi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1811462116
更新日期:2019-03-26 00:00:00
abstract::Recent laboratory studies have demonstrated that isoprene oxidation products can partition to atmospheric aerosols by reacting with condensed phase sulfuric acid, forming low-volatility organosulfate compounds. We have identified organosulfate compounds in free tropospheric aerosols by single particle mass spectrometr...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1012561107
更新日期:2010-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::It has been proposed that extensive wildfires occurred after the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) impact event. An abundance of soot and pyrosynthetic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs) in marine K-T boundary impact rocks (BIRs) have been considered support for this hypothesis. However, nonmarine K-T BIRs, from across ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0813117106
更新日期:2009-03-17 00:00:00
abstract::Anthrax lethal toxin (LT) is a protease virulence factor produced by Bacillus anthracis that is required for its pathogenicity. LT treatment causes a rapid degradation of c-Jun protein that follows inactivation of the MEK1/2-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Here we identify COP1 as the ubiquitin E3 ligase that is essential f...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1913698117
更新日期:2020-02-25 00:00:00
abstract::The interaction between the ribosomal-stalk protein L7/12 (L12) and initiation factor 2 (IF2) is essential for rapid subunit association, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we have characterized the L12-IF2 interaction on Escherichia coli ribosomes using site-directed mutagenesis, fast kinetics, and molecu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1802001115
更新日期:2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to colored slides contained a late positive component that was significantly enhanced when adults recognized the person, place, or painting in the photograph. Additionally, two late components change in amplitude, corresponding to the amount of surprise reported. Because subjects ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.6.2121
更新日期:1982-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microorganisms must sense their environment and rapidly tune their metabolism to ambient conditions to efficiently use available resources. We have identified a gene encoding a response regulator, NblR, that complements a cyanobacterial mutant unable to degrade its light-harvesting complex (phycobilisome), in response...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.18.11008
更新日期:1998-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE) are often touted as the best geologic analog for the current anthropogenic rise in pCO2. However, a causal mechanism for the PETM CIE remains unidentified because of large uncertainties in the duration of the CIE's onset. Here, w...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1309188110
更新日期:2013-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::microRNAs comprise a few percent of animal genes and have been recognized as important regulators of a diverse range of biological processes. Understanding the biological functions of miRNAs requires effective means to identify their targets. Combined efforts from computational prediction, miRNA over-expression or dep...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0908149106
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The mammalian innate immune system uses several sensors of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to develop the interferon response. Among these sensors are dsRNA-activated oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS), which produce signaling 2',5'-linked RNA molecules (2-5A) that activate regulated RNA decay in mammalian tissues. Differen...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1419409112
更新日期:2015-03-31 00:00:00
abstract::The unique ability of bovine papillomavirus (BPV-1) DNA to replicate as a stable, multicopy plasmid in transformed mouse cells has led to its utilization as a eukaryotic cloning vector. One limitation of the system has been the marked reduction in transformation efficiency when BPV-1 DNA or the subgenomic transforming...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.79.23.7147
更新日期:1982-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::It has often been suggested that the frequently observed Watson-Crick base-pair compensatory substitutions in RNA helical structures occur mainly through a slightly deleterious G.U intermediate state. We have scored base substitutions in a set of 82 related Drosophila species for the D1 and D2 variable domains of the ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.22.10032
更新日期:1991-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::When we reach toward objects, we easily avoid potential obstacles located in the workspace. Previous studies suggest that obstacle avoidance relies on mechanisms in the dorsal visual stream in the posterior parietal cortex. One fundamental question that remains unanswered is where the visual inputs to these dorsal-str...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0905549106
更新日期:2009-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::The neo (neomycin-resistance) gene of transposon Tn5 encodes the enzyme neomycin phosphotransferase II (EC 2.7.1.95), which confers resistance to various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including kanamycin and G418. The gene is widely used as a selectable marker in the transformation of organisms as diverse as bacteria, y...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.9.3435
更新日期:1990-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Angiosperm reproduction is characterized by alternate diploid sporophytic and haploid gametophytic generations. Gametogenesis shares similarities with that of animals except for the formation of the gametophyte, whereby haploid cells undergo several rounds of postmeiotic mitosis to form gametes and the accessory cells...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1421911112
更新日期:2014-12-23 00:00:00
abstract::In many of their compounds the transition metals have covalence 9, forming nine bonds with use of nine hybrid spd bond orbitals. A set of maximum-valence single-bond radii is formulated for use in these compounds. These radii are in reasonably good agreement with observed bond lengths. Quadruple bonds between two tran...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.3799
更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::The genomic sequences encoding the human lysosomal acid lipase/cholesteryl esterase (sterol esterase; EC 3.1.1.13) have been isolated and sequenced, and the information has been used to identify mutations in both alleles of the gene from a patient with Wolman disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal lipid storage dis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.7.2718
更新日期:1994-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::How colloidal particles interact with each other is one of the key issues that determines our ability to interpret experimental results for phase transitions in colloidal dispersions and our ability to apply colloid science to various industrial processes. The long-accepted theories for answering this question have be...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15169
更新日期:1998-12-22 00:00:00
abstract::Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) were localized in cells of rat kidney cortex by an immunocytochemical technique before and after perfusion with parathyroid hormone (PTH). In control tissues the cAMP antiserum detected approximately the same intensity of fluor...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.74.8.3569
更新日期:1977-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::In herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) DNA, a small sequence, designated the a sequence, flanks the reiterated sequences at the ends of both the L and S components. The a sequence is the only sequence shared by the termini of all isomeric arrangements of HSV-1 DNA that arise from inversions of the covalently linked L and S...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.9.4534
更新日期:1979-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Bacterial outer membrane porins have a robust beta-barrel structure and therefore show potential for use as stochastic sensors based on single-molecule detection. The monomeric porin OmpG is especially attractive compared with multisubunit proteins because appropriate modifications of the pore can be easily achieved b...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0711561105
更新日期:2008-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::We previously demonstrated that platelets express high levels of the tyrosine protein kinase pp60c-src. By a quantitative immunoblot assay, it is shown in this report that pp60c-src represents 0.2-0.4% of total platelet protein. The expression of high levels of pp60c-src in platelets correlated with high levels of tot...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.901
更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::The time course of thermal reactions after illumination of 100% humidified bacteriorhodopsin films was followed with FTIR spectroscopy between 125 and 195 K. We monitored the conversion of the initial photoproduct, K, to the next, L intermediate, and a shunt reaction of the L state directly back to the initial BR stat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0703859104
更新日期:2007-06-05 00:00:00
abstract::Type II platelet-activating factor-acetylhydrolase [PAF-AH (II)] is an N-myristoylated enzyme that contains a lipase/esterase catalytic motif and selectively hydrolyzes the sn-2 acetyl ester of PAF and other short-chain acyl groups attached to phosphoglycerides. However, the physiological role of this enzyme remains t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0405507101
更新日期:2004-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::Often, resistance to drugs is an obstacle to a successful treatment of cancer. In spite of the importance of the problem, the actual mechanisms that control the evolution of drug resistance are not fully understood. Many attempts to study drug resistance have been made in the mathematical modeling literature. Clearly,...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1007726107
更新日期:2010-09-28 00:00:00