Abstract:
:The law of the iterated logarithm provides a family of bounds all of the same order such that with probability one only finitely many partial sums of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables exceed some members of the family, while for others infinitely many do so. In the former case, the total number of such excesses has therefore a proper probability distribution, and it is shown here that whenever the law applies this distribution possesses no moments of positive order. This result further elucidates the celebrated precision of this law of probability concerning fluctuations of sums of random variables.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Slivka Jdoi
10.1073/pnas.63.2.289subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1969-06-01 00:00:00pages
289-91issue
2eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490journal_volume
63pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor (COUP-TF) genes encode transcription factors belonging to the orphan subfamily of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Two COUP-TF counterparts have been cloned from mouse. In an attempt to study the function of these genes in the developing central...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.10.4451
更新日期:1994-05-10 00:00:00
abstract::Oscillatory activity is widespread in dynamic neuronal networks. The main paradigm for the origin of periodicity consists of specialized pacemaking elements that synchronize and drive the rest of the network; however, other models exist. Here, we studied the spontaneous emergence of synchronized periodic bursting in a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1515105113
更新日期:2016-03-22 00:00:00
abstract::Electrically excitable cells harness voltage-coupled calcium influx to transmit intracellular signals, typically studied in neurons and cardiomyocytes. Despite intense study in higher organisms, investigations of voltage and calcium signaling in bacteria have lagged due to their small size and a lack of sensitive tool...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1703084114
更新日期:2017-08-29 00:00:00
abstract::The postdevelopmental basis of cellular identity and the unique cellular output of a particular neuron type are of particular interest in the nervous system because a detailed understanding of circuits responsible for complex processes in the brain is impeded by the often ambiguous classification of neurons in these c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0705827104
更新日期:2007-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::We have previously shown that the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) can be incorporated into the virions of retroviruses. Since expression of VSV-G is toxic to most mammalian cells, development of stable VSV-G packaging cell lines requires inducible VSV-G expression. We have modified the tetracycline-ind...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.93.19.10057
更新日期:1996-09-17 00:00:00
abstract::Increasing evidence highlights a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as immune dysregulation is observed in the brain, periphery, and gastrointestinal tract of ASD individuals. Furthermore, maternal infection (maternal immune activation, MIA) is a risk factor for ASD. Mode...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1202556109
更新日期:2012-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::Amino acid residues that are critical in maintaining the framework structure of immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain variable (V) regions are strongly conserved in the V alpha and V beta proteins of the alpha beta T-cell antigen receptor (TCR alpha beta). Consequently, it has been proposed that TCR alpha beta has a c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.22.10267
更新日期:1991-11-15 00:00:00
abstract::The placenta is essential for the success of therian mammalian reproduction. Intense selective pressure has shaped changes in placental anatomy and function during mammalian cladogenesis. Here we challenge the view that the hemochorial placenta is a derived feature in haplorhine primates. Using phylogenetic and statis...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103
更新日期:2006-02-28 00:00:00
abstract::A recently determined set of 20 NMR-derived conformations of a 48-residue all-alpha-helical protein, (PDB ID code 2JVD), is validated here by comparing the observed (13)C(alpha) chemical shifts with those computed at the density functional level of theory. In addition, a recently introduced physics-based method, aimed...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0807105105
更新日期:2008-09-23 00:00:00
abstract::We have demonstrated that the entire murine N-myc gene and the sequences necessary for its expression in human neuroblastoma cells are contained within a 7.4-kilobase murine genomic clone. The complete nucleotide sequence of this gene reveals a number of striking similarities and differences when compared to the relat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.6.1827
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Zea mays L. ssp. mays, or corn, one of the most important crops and a model for plant genetics, has a genome approximately 80% the size of the human genome. To gain global insight into the organization of its genome, we have sequenced the ends of large insert clones, yielding a cumulative length of one-eighth of the g...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0406163101
更新日期:2004-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::A method for estimating intrafamilial correlations under variable family sizes involving weightings of paired data points is introduced. Classical methods of intrafamilial correlation estimation and those in current use are outlined and critically analyzed. Extensions of the proposed estimation method to more general ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.5.2664
更新日期:1981-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::cDNA clones for the (S)-tetrahydroberberine (H4Ber) oxidase of cultured berberine-producing Coptis japonica cells were isolated by screening a C. japonica cDNA library with synthetic nucleotides that can encode the NH2-terminal sequence of this enzyme. Analyses of the nucleotide sequences of the cloned cDNA inserts re...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.2.534
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Extracellular cAMP plays a crucial role in regulating the developmental program of Dictyostelium discoideum, functioning as a chemotactic agent, as well as a signal that regulates expression of developmentally expressed genes. These activities appear to be mediated by a cell-surface receptor for cAMP. We have studied ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.84.4.1030
更新日期:1987-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ultrastructural cytochemistry of natural killer cells enriched by Percoll gradient centrifugation showed them to possess arylsulfatase (aryl-sulfate sulfohydrolase, EC 3.1.6.1). The enzyme was located in vesicles, granules, and the parallel tubular arrays, organelles characteristic for cytotoxic lymphocytes. Biochemic...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.80.22.6977
更新日期:1983-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::During the analysis of liver protein expression in the offspring of male mice irradiated with fission-spectrum neutrons, one offspring displayed a heritable 50% decrease in the abundance of two proteins. Homozygous mice lacking detectable quantities of these proteins were obtained through breeding. Characterization of...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.24.11338
更新日期:1994-11-22 00:00:00
abstract::Incorporation and conversion of icosapentaenoic acid (20:5, n - 3) by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were studied in volunteers (n = 6) ingesting a normal Western diet supplemented with icosapentaenoic acid (approximately equal to 4 g daily). Ingestion of icosapentaenoic acid leads to formation of biologically les...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.5.1540
更新日期:1985-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Ice-core records show that climate changes in the past have been large, rapid, and synchronous over broad areas extending into low latitudes, with less variability over historical times. These ice-core records come from high mountain glaciers and the polar regions, including small ice caps and the large ice sheets of ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1331
更新日期:2000-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::Angiogenesis restores blood flow to healing tissues, a process that is inhibited by high doses of glucocorticoids. However, the role of endogenous glucocorticoids and the potential for antiglucocorticoid therapy to enhance angiogenesis is unknown. Using in vitro and in vivo models of angiogenesis in mice, we examined ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0500641102
更新日期:2005-08-23 00:00:00
abstract::We have investigated the frequency of p53 mutations in B- and T-cell human lymphoid malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the major subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. p53 exons 5-9 were studied by using genomic DNA from 197 primary tumors and 27 cell lines by single-str...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.12.5413
更新日期:1991-06-15 00:00:00
abstract::The nucleic acid sequence of the 3' region of human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) proviral DNA was determined using a HTLV-II proviral clone that could be recovered as infectious, transforming virus. The sequence data indicate a region of unknown function of approximately equal to 1.6 kilobase pairs in the 3...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.81.21.6657
更新日期:1984-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Deletion derivatives of the maize transposable element Activator (Ac) were constructed in vitro and inserted into a kanamycin resistance gene. These constructions were then introduced into tobacco protoplasts derived from plants previously transformed with Ac. The ability of each deletion derivative to excise was meas...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.23.9385
更新日期:1989-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Il4 and Il13 encode the canonical T helper 2 (TH2) cytokines responsible both for promoting immune responses against extracellular pathogens and, when misregulated, causing allergic and autoimmune disease. The expression potential of these genes undergoes developmentally programmed repression and enhancement during co...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0403334101
更新日期:2004-08-03 00:00:00
abstract::OspA (outer surface protein A) is an abundant immunogenic lipoprotein of the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi. The crystal structure of a soluble recombinant form of OspA was solved in a complex with the Fab fragment of mouse monoclonal antibody 184.1 and refined to a resolution of 1.9 A. OspA has a repeti...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.94.8.3584
更新日期:1997-04-15 00:00:00
abstract::When we grasp and manipulate an object, populations of tactile nerve fibers become activated and convey information about the shape, size, and texture of the object and its motion across the skin. The response properties of tactile fibers have been extensively characterized in single-unit recordings, yielding importan...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1704856114
更新日期:2017-07-11 00:00:00
abstract::This study uses a multiisotope (carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and strontium) approach to examine early animal management in the Maya region. An analysis of faunal specimens across almost 2,000 years (1000 BC to AD 950) at the site of Ceibal, Guatemala, reveals the earliest evidence for live-traded dogs and possible captiv...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1713880115
更新日期:2018-04-03 00:00:00
abstract::Pregnant mothers often report a special awareness of and bonding with their unborn child. Little is known about this relationship although it may offer potential for the assessment of the fetal condition. Recently we found evidence of short epochs of fetal-maternal heart rate synchronization under uncontrolled conditi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0901049106
更新日期:2009-08-18 00:00:00
abstract::A complex of ribosomal DNA with RNA has been isolated from ovaries of metamorphosing tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. The complex is disrupted by treatments that destroy hydrogen bonds, and the sedimentation of the DNA within the complex is sensitive to RNase. We suggest that the RNA-ribosomal DNA complex is an intermediat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.69.7.1746
更新日期:1972-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::All science has uncertainty. Unless that uncertainty is communicated effectively, decision makers may put too much or too little faith in it. The information that needs to be communicated depends on the decisions that people face. Are they (i) looking for a signal (e.g., whether to evacuate before a hurricane), (ii) c...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1317504111
更新日期:2014-09-16 00:00:00
abstract::Two chlorophyll-protein complexes associated with photosystem II (PSII) of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2 have been detected. The larger of the two complexes, CPVI-1, contained a 71-kDa and a 42-kDa protein. The 71-kDa protein was determined to be the anchor protein of the phycobilisomes (the light-harvestin...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.82.20.6903
更新日期:1985-10-01 00:00:00