Abstract:
:Some Pacific island societies, such as those of Easter Island and Mangareva, inadvertently contributed to their own collapse by causing massive deforestation. Others retained forest cover and survived. How can those fateful differences be explained? Although the answers undoubtedly involve both different cultural responses of peoples and different susceptibilities of environments, how can one determine which environmental factors predispose towards deforestation and which towards replacement of native trees with useful introduced tree species? Here we code European-contact conditions and nine environmental variables for 81 sites on 69 Pacific islands from Yap in the west to Easter in the east, and from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south. We thereby detect statistical decreases in deforestation and/or forest replacement with island rainfall, elevation, area, volcanic ash fallout, Asian dust transport and makatea terrain (uplifted reef), and increases with latitude, age and isolation. Comparative analyses of deforestation therefore lend themselves to much more detailed interpretations than previously possible. These results might be relevant to similar deforestation-associated collapses (for example, Fertile Crescent, Maya and Anasazi) or the lack thereof (Japan and highland New Guinea) elsewhere in the world.
journal_name
Naturejournal_title
Natureauthors
Rolett B,Diamond Jdoi
10.1038/nature02801keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2004-09-23 00:00:00pages
443-6issue
7007eissn
0028-0836issn
1476-4687pii
nature02801journal_volume
431pub_type
杂志文章相关文献
NATURE文献大全abstract::The evolution of snakes involved major changes in vertebrate body plan organization, but the developmental basis of those changes is unknown. The python axial skeleton consists of hundreds of similar vertebrae, forelimbs are absent and hindlimbs are severely reduced. Combined limb loss and trunk elongation is found in...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/20944
更新日期:1999-06-03 00:00:00
abstract::The RNA polymerase II general transcription factor TFIIH is composed of several polypeptides. The observation that the largest subunit of TFIIH is the excision-repair protein XPB/ERCC3 (ref. 1), a helicase implicated in the human DNA-repair disorders xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) and Cockayne's syndrome, suggests a funct...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/368769a0
更新日期:1994-04-21 00:00:00
abstract::Clonal deletion in the thymus plays a major part in T-cell tolerance to self antigens. But the mechanism of negative selection, its fine specificity and the threshold of affinity and avidity remains unknown. We have now examined these aspects of negative selection with mice expressing a transgenic T-cell receptor with...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/351482a0
更新日期:1991-06-06 00:00:00
abstract::Initial studies of somatically acquired mutations in immunoglobulin V regions from hybridomas and myelomas that are not derived from joining aberrations, suggested a controlled and specific hypermutation process, because spontaneous mutation rates observed for other genes are extremely low. Some evidence for the idea ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/326405a0
更新日期:1987-03-26 00:00:00
abstract::The cartilage and skin of animals, which are made up of more than fifty per cent water, are rather stiff (having elastic moduli of up to 100 megapascals) as well as tough and hard to break (with fracture energies of up to 9,000 joules per square metre). Such features make these biological materials mechanically superi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature21392
更新日期:2017-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::Heat is fundamental to power generation and many industrial processes, and is most useful at high temperatures because it can be converted more efficiently to other types of energy. However, efficient transportation, storage and conversion of heat at extreme temperatures (more than about 1,300 kelvin) is impractical f...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature24054
更新日期:2017-10-11 00:00:00
abstract::General alarm about genetics continues, fanned by the expectation that what may one day be possible will be a reality tomorrow. Moderation is the most urgent need, but understanding would also help. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 社论
doi:10.1038/367099a0
更新日期:1994-01-13 00:00:00
abstract::Nerve growth factor (NGF) is involved in a variety of processes involving signalling, such as cell differentiation and survival, growth cessation and apoptosis of neurons. These events are mediated by NGF as a result of binding to its two cell-surface receptors, TrkA and p75. TrkA is a receptor with tyrosine kinase ac...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/43705
更新日期:1999-09-09 00:00:00
abstract::Neurotransmitters modulate the activity of ion channels through a variety of second messengers, including cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and the products of phosphatidylinositol breakdown. Little is known about how different transmitters acting through different second-messenger systems interact within a cell to regulate sing...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/325153a0
更新日期:1987-01-08 00:00:00
abstract::The clinical development of an inhibitor of cellular proteasome function suggests that compounds targeting other components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system might prove useful for the treatment of human malignancies. NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) is an essential component of the NEDD8 conjugation pathway that contro...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature07884
更新日期:2009-04-09 00:00:00
abstract::The precursor frequency of T cells specific for any given foreign antigen is, in general, extremely low. Prominent exceptions to this rule are the T cells that are specific for foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) products or for products of the minor lymphocyte stimulatory (Mls) genes in the mouse which are...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/335827a0
更新日期:1988-10-27 00:00:00
abstract::Extremely intense and ultrafast X-ray pulses from free-electron lasers offer unique opportunities to study fundamental aspects of complex transient phenomena in materials. Ultrafast time-resolved methods usually require highly synchronized pulses to initiate a transition and then probe it after a precisely defined tim...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature06049
更新日期:2007-08-09 00:00:00
abstract::Nutrient signalling integrates and coordinates gene expression, metabolism and growth. However, its primary molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood in plants and animals. Here we report unique Ca2+ signalling triggered by nitrate with live imaging of an ultrasensitive biosensor in Arabidopsis leaves and ro...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature22077
更新日期:2017-05-18 00:00:00
abstract::In the chick embryo hindbrain, morphological segmentation into rhombomeres is matched by metameric patterns of early neuronal differentiation and axonogenesis. Boundaries between rhombomeres coincide with boundaries of expression of murine regulatory genes. By clonal analysis using intracellular marking, we show here ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/344431a0
更新日期:1990-03-29 00:00:00
abstract::The spontaneously hypertensive rat and the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat are useful models for human hypertension. In these strains hypertension is a polygenic trait, in which both autosomal and sex-linked genes can influence blood pressure. Linkage studies in crosses between the stroke-prone spontaneous...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/353521a0
更新日期:1991-10-10 00:00:00
abstract::Metamaterials are artificial optical media composed of sub-wavelength metallic and dielectric building blocks that feature optical phenomena not present in naturally occurring materials. Although they can serve as the basis for unique optical devices that mould the flow of light in unconventional ways, three-dimension...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature14477
更新日期:2015-06-11 00:00:00
abstract::Repetitive activation of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system results in a long-lasting increase in synaptic transmission called long-term potentiation (LTP). It is generally believed that this synaptic plasticity may underlie certain forms of learning and memory. LTP at most synapses involves the activat...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/41574
更新日期:1997-08-07 00:00:00
abstract::Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected 78 million individuals and is responsible for over 1.7 million deaths to date. Infection is associated with development of variable levels of antibodies with neutralizing activity that can protect against infection in animal models1,2. Antibody ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w
更新日期:2021-01-18 00:00:00
abstract::In Fig. 1b of this Article, a U was inadvertently inserted after G15 in the D loop. The original Article has not been corrected. ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章,已发布勘误
doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0760-4
更新日期:2018-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Functional studies seem now to confirm, as first suggested by E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1822, that there was an inversion of the dorsoventral axis during animal evolution. A conserved system of extracellular signals provides positional information for the allocation of embryonic cells to specific tissue types both ...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/380037a0
更新日期:1996-03-07 00:00:00
abstract::Protein ubiquitination is a common form of post-translational modification that regulates a broad spectrum of protein substrates in diverse cellular pathways. Through a three-enzyme (E1-E2-E3) cascade, the attachment of ubiquitin to proteins is catalysed by the E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is best represented by the sup...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature05175
更新日期:2006-10-05 00:00:00
abstract::Secretory antibodies of the IgA class (sIgA) are thought to have an important role in the defence against bacteria at mucosal surfaces--the level at which the infectious agents first come into contact with the host. However, the mechanism by which sIgA exert their antibacterial activity is still a matter of debate. Af...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/306184a0
更新日期:1983-11-10 00:00:00
abstract::When we see motion, our perception of how one image feature moves depends on the behaviour of other features nearby. In particular, the Gestaltists proposed the law of shared common fate, in which features tend to be perceived as moving together, that is, coherently. Recent psychophysical findings, such as the coopera...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/333071a0
更新日期:1988-05-05 00:00:00
abstract::There is considerable interest in the existence and significance of alternative conformations of DNA to the right-handed B-form described originally by Watson and Crick. The indirect immunofluorescence observations of Nordheim et al., Arndt-Jovin et al. and Lemeunier et al. that antibodies against left-handed Z-DNA bi...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/305338a0
更新日期:1983-09-22 00:00:00
abstract::The formation of glasses is normal for substances that remain liquid over a wide temperature range (the 'good glassformers') and can be induced for most liquids if cooling is fast enough to bypass crystallization. During reheating but still below the melting point, good glassformers exhibit glass transitions as they a...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/nature02295
更新日期:2004-02-19 00:00:00
abstract::Guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) promote the exchange of GDP for GTP in Ras GTPases, and thereby positively regulate their functions. Members of the Sec4/Ypt1/Rab branch of the Ras superfamily are essential for vesicular transport. A GEF for a subset of Rab proteins, termed mammalian suppressor of Sec4 (Mss4...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/376788a0
更新日期:1995-08-31 00:00:00
abstract::Distance determination in animals can be achieved by visual or non-visual cues. Weakly electric fish use active electrolocation for orientation in the dark. By perceiving self-produced electric signals with epidermal electroreceptors, fish can detect, locate and analyse nearby objects. Distance discrimination, however...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/27655
更新日期:1998-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus 8, or HHV 8) is a virus that is consistently present in Kaposi's sarcoma and in primary-effusion (body-cavity-based) lymphomas, malignancies that occur frequently, but not exclusively, in AIDS patients. KSHV is a gamma herpesvirus with homo...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/385347a0
更新日期:1997-01-23 00:00:00
abstract::Cellular ras genes encode a family of membrane-associated proteins (p21ras) that bind guanine nucleotide and possess a low intrinsic GTPase activity. The p21ras proteins are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian cells and are thought to be involved in a growth-promoting signal transduction pathway; their mode of action,...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/347396a0
更新日期:1990-09-27 00:00:00
abstract::Substitutions of single glycine residues of alpha 1(I) collagen have previously been associated with the inherited disease osteogenesis imperfecta type II. Transgenic mice bearing a mutant alpha 1(I) collagen gene into which specific glycine substitutions have been engineered show a dominant lethal phenotype character...
journal_title:Nature
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1038/332131a0
更新日期:1988-03-10 00:00:00