Abstract:
:The reproductive organs in both males and females consist of gonads, internal ductal structures, and external genitalia. Normal sexual differentiation is dependent on the genetic sex determined by the presence or absence of the Y chromosome at fertilization. Testes develop under the influence of the Y chromosome and ovaries develop when no Y chromosome is present. In the absence of testes and their normal hormonal products, sexual differentiation proceeds along the female pathway, resulting in a normal female phenotype. Anatomic gynecologic anomalies occur when there is failure of normal embryologic ductal development. These anomalies include congenital absence of the vagina as well as defects in lateral and vertical fusion of the Müllerian ducts. Treatment of müllerian anomalies begins with the correct identification of the anomaly and an understanding of the embryologic origin. This includes evaluation for other associated anomalies such as renal or skeletal abnormalities. After correct identification, treatment options include nonsurgical as well as surgical intervention. This chapter serves to review the embryology and development of the reproductive system and to describe common genital tract anomalies. Details of surgical or nonsurgical correction of these anomalies are presented.
journal_name
Semin Reprod Medjournal_title
Seminars in reproductive medicineauthors
Gell JSdoi
10.1055/s-2004-815593keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2003-11-01 00:00:00pages
375-88issue
4eissn
1526-8004issn
1526-4564journal_volume
21pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::In recent years, there has been increasing concern regarding the safety of in vitro fertilization (IVF) because of the potential health impact on these infants. Multiple pregnancy contributes the vast majority of morbidity associated with IVF and, initially, many thought that adverse outcomes after IVF were solely att...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1087108
更新日期:2008-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a widely used fertility treatment for couples with male and/or non-male factor infertility and is a relatively simple and inexpensive procedure. When used for unexplained infertility, IUI combined with ovarian stimulation increases the pregnancy rates, but evidence does not support t...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1375183
更新日期:2014-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::In non industrialized countries the incidence of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) appears to be similar to that of industrialized countries, although data is scanty. In low-resource settings, women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) often delay seeking medical care because of cultural beliefs that a heavy red menstrua...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0031-1287668
更新日期:2011-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Exposure to gonadotoxic agents for treating cancer and other diseases or postponement of maternity jeopardize the prospects of genetic parenthood and are major factors driving the development of fertility preservation technologies. Although its mainstays, cryopreservation and vitrification, have been adopted from infe...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 历史文章,杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0029-1241051
更新日期:2009-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Translocations involving the X and Y chromosomes are often associated with anomalies of gonadal development. Transfer of Yp sequences, including the testis-determining SRY gene, to the terminal portion of the short arm of the X chromosome is associated with 46,XX maleness and in rare cases 46,XX true hermaphroditism. ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2001-15393
更新日期:2001-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Leptin is a circulating protein produced by adipocytes that has been implicated in control of body weight through appetite regulation and control of reproduction, most likely through an effect on the central nervous system. From studies in mice, it is clear that the genetic background of the animal on which the mutati...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-32506
更新日期:2002-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Intraperitoneal adhesions remain a costly, long-term sequela of abdominal surgery. They cause significant postoperative morbidity and difficult reoperative surgery. Although adhesions have been recognized for more than 250 years, a uniformly effective method of adhesion prevention does not exist. In recent years, rese...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0028-1082391
更新日期:2008-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Obesity-related infertility is one of the most common problems of reproductive-age obese women who desire childbearing. The various types of bariatric surgeries have proved effective in controlling excessive weight gain, improving fertility, and preventing certain maternal and fetal complications in these women. This ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1328880
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Inhibin is a dimeric glycoprotein that suppresses follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion from the pituitary. Two bioactive forms of inhibin exist, inhibin A and B. The availability of specific immunoassays for each of the isoforms has enabled the study of the individual inhibins and their physiological roles. In...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2004-831893
更新日期:2004-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::The number of women in the U.S. military is dramatically increasing. Similarly, the roles of active-duty women are greatly expanding, thus exposing them to new occupational risks. Determining the impact of pregnancy outcomes for women while in the military is difficult due to changing exposures over time, difficulty i...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712929
更新日期:2019-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::The maternal-fetal environment plays an important role in developmental programming of adult disease. Metabolic and hormonal dysfunction during human fetal development accompanies gestational diabetes as a common occurrence in mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), while human fetal androgen excess from congen...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0034-1371087
更新日期:2014-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Gonadotropins cross the vascular endothelial barrier to reach their target organs. Hormone concentrations in blood are very low and fluctuate rapidly to give sharp biological effects. Nonspecific transendothelial transport mechanisms are slow and markedly concentration dependent. There is thus a need for specific tran...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2001-13916
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Complementary therapies and medicines are a broad and diverse range of treatments, and are frequently used by women and their partners during the preconception period to assist with infertility, and to address pregnancy-related conditions. Despite frequent use, the evidence examining the efficacy, effectiveness, and s...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1571194
更新日期:2016-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Luteinizing hormone (LH) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) share a common receptor in gonadal cells; however, the presence of these receptors has also been detected in several nongonadal but reproduction-associated tissues of pig, human, and other species. There are no data about the ontogeny of the human LH/hCG ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2001-13907
更新日期:2001-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have been used to assess interventions affecting health since biblical times. They provide the most valid means of measuring the true effects of intervention compared with no treatment or placebo. Although they can also be used to assess the value of diagnostic tests, this article foc...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2003-39995
更新日期:2003-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::In this article the role of LH receptor gene mutations in patients with aberrant sex differentiation is discussed. In a dominant autosomal familial form of precocious puberty in boys (familial male-limited precocious puberty) LH receptor gene mutations have been identified. These single amino acid changes, mostly foun...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2002-35384
更新日期:2002-08-01 00:00:00
abstract::During most of gestation, the fetal adrenal gland is almost solely dedicated to the production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S). This specialized ability of the fetal adrenal is unique to primates and occurs because of a specialized fetal zone that composes the bulk of the fetal adrenal gland. Morphologicall...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2004-861549
更新日期:2004-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::Follicular rupture and the transformation of an estrogenic preovulatory follicle into a highly vascularized corpus luteum capable of producing large quantities of progesterone are required for the establishment of pregnancy. These processes are dependent upon the precise remodeling of the ovarian extracellular matrix ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2006-948552
更新日期:2006-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Couples experiencing recurrent pregnancy loss are often concerned that toxins within the environment have contributed to their reproductive difficulty. Questions posed by these couples to their health care providers are difficult to answer because scientifically accurate information regarding the reproductive impact o...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2000-13731
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Research translation and evaluation are often underconsidered in research design and implementation thus limiting research benefit to the end user. In this article, we first describe a best practice approach to evaluation, for a center of research excellence in polycystic ovary syndrome. Within this, we outline a comp...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0038-1667308
更新日期:2018-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Trophoblast cells of the murine placenta are derived from the trophectoderm (TE) cells of the preimplantation embryo. Establishment of the TE cell lineage is the result of a cell segregation event early in blastomere division. Models of cell lineage segregation suggest it is driven by the internalization of spatial in...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0035-1570025
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Assisted reproductive techniques have revolutionized the treatment of male reproductive failure, allowing biological fatherhood to be achieved by many men that nature would have never permitted. As we are able to help more and more couples with our therapies, the genetic basis of the man's spermatogenic, anatomical, o...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1307418
更新日期:2012-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::The constructs and the provision of preconception and obstetrical care have historically been based on the assumption of heterosexuality, and have often excluded lesbian women. However, due to significant strides in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) civil rights, more lesbian women desire to creat...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0037-1606385
更新日期:2017-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::There is increasing evidence that endometriosis is inherited as a complex genetic trait in which multiple genes conferring disease susceptibility interact with each other and the environment to produce the phenotype. Research groups worldwide are trying to identify such susceptibility genes through a "positional cloni...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2003-41317
更新日期:2003-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::Endocrine-disrupting chemicals generally function as steroid receptor signaling antagonists or agonists that influence development to promote adult-onset disease. Exposure to the endocrine disruptors during the initiation of male reproductive tract development interferes with the normal hormonal signaling and formatio...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237428
更新日期:2009-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in the culture media used in clinical in vitro fertilization. Unfortunately, during this time more confusion than consensus appears to have developed regarding the composition of these media. In order to facilitate a clearer understanding of this field, it i...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2000-12559
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Since 2004, assisted conception is encompassed by the European Directive on the Quality and Safety of Tissues and Cells (2004/23/EC). The aim of a standard for quality and safety is to minimize risks of errors, contamination, and accidents and to maximize efficiency of use. This article presents a case study of the im...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1055/s-0032-1311521
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microfluidics is a young but established field that holds significant potential for scientific discovery. The utility of microfluidics can improve our knowledge of basic biology as well as expand our understanding in specialized areas such as assisted reproduction and stem cell developmental biology. This review descr...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-0030-1268699
更新日期:2011-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a disorder characterized by lack of ovulation and elevated levels of serum gonadotropins before the age of 40. The etiology of POF is not known but different environmental and genetic factors are involved, suggesting high heterogeneity of the disorder. The involvement of X-linked gen...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2000-13475
更新日期:2000-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Labor initiation is a complex process that remains to be fully elucidated. An area of active research involves the study of the different mechanisms that may lead to successful signaling for parturition. This review focuses on the fetal-derived signals that lead to the initiation of labor. These signals may also play ...
journal_title:Seminars in reproductive medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1055/s-2006-956772
更新日期:2007-01-01 00:00:00