Abstract:
:Striatal inhibition plays an important role in models of cortex-basal ganglia function and is altered in many basal ganglia diseases. The gamma-aminobutyric acid ergic spiny projection neuron comprises >95% of striatal neurons, but despite strong anatomical evidence, the electrophysiological properties and functions of their local axon collaterals are unknown. We simultaneously recorded from adjacent spiny projection neurons (<5-10 microm) in whole-cell patch mode and demonstrated a fast synaptic connection between 2669 pairs in cortex-striatum-substantia nigra organotypic cultures and 538 pairs in acute striatal slices. The synapse, which was blocked by gamma-aminobutyric acid type A antagonists, displayed a wide range of failure rates, was depolarizing at rest, and reversed above -60 mV. Presynaptic bursts of action potentials were highly correlated with total postsynaptic depolarization at rest. Synaptic transmission was optimized for burst discharge >14 Hz and showed considerable short-term plasticity, including paired-pulse depression at intervals <25 ms, intraburst facilitation, and interburst augmentation. This activity-dependent collateral interaction provides the basis for a new class of basal ganglia models in which striatal neurons cooperate as well as compete during processing of cortical inputs.
journal_name
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S Aauthors
Czubayko U,Plenz Ddoi
10.1073/pnas.242428599keywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2002-11-26 00:00:00pages
15764-9issue
24eissn
0027-8424issn
1091-6490pii
242428599journal_volume
99pub_type
杂志文章abstract::Although proteins generally fold to their thermodynamically most stable state, some metastable proteins populate higher free energy states. Conformational changes from metastable higher free energy states to lower free energy states with greater stability can then generate the work required to perform physiologically ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1603386113
更新日期:2016-06-07 00:00:00
abstract::The avian neuroretina (NR) is part of the central nervous system and is composed of photoreceptors, neuronal cells, and Müller (glial) cells. These cells are derived from proliferating neuroectodermal precursors that differentiate after terminal mitosis and become organized in cell strata. Genes that are specifically ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.88.10.4503
更新日期:1991-05-15 00:00:00
abstract::Protein kinase A (PKA) is activated during sympathetic stimulation of the heart and phosphorylates key proteins involved in cardiac Ca(2+) handling, including the L-type Ca(2+) channel (Ca(V)1.2) and phospholamban (PLN). This results in acceleration and amplification of the beat-to-beat changes in cytosolic Ca(2+) in ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1215219109
更新日期:2012-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::Two cDNAs encoding two human receptors for retinoic acid (RA), RAR-alpha and RAR-beta, have been characterized recently. Synthetic peptides corresponding to the cDNA-deduced amino acid sequences unique to RAR-alpha and RAR-beta were used to generate anti-RAR-alpha antiserum (SP171) and anti-RAR-beta antisera (SP172 an...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.86.9.3089
更新日期:1989-05-01 00:00:00
abstract::The light-harvesting phycobilisome in cyanobacteria and red algae requires the lyase-catalyzed chromophorylation of phycobiliproteins. There are three functionally distinct lyase families known. The heterodimeric E/F type is specific for attaching bilins covalently to α-subunits of phycocyanins and phycoerythrins. Unl...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1715495114
更新日期:2017-12-12 00:00:00
abstract::In bacteria, the first two steps of gene expression-transcription and translation-are spatially and temporally coupled. Uncoupling may lead to the arrest of transcription through RNA polymerase backtracking, which interferes with replication forks, leading to DNA double-stranded breaks and genomic instability. How tra...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1919985117
更新日期:2020-04-14 00:00:00
abstract::Intermediate filaments-cytoplasmic filaments with a diameter of 8-9 nm-have been described in a large variety of cell types. In this study, the subunit protein of the neurofilament and the presumptive subunit of the astroglial filament are compared by immunological and biochemical methods and are found to be very simi...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.73.2.529
更新日期:1976-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::FIP-3 (14.7K interacting protein) was discovered during a search for cell proteins that could interact with an adenovirus protein (Ad E3-14.7K) that had been shown to prevent tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced cytolysis. FIP-3, which contains leucine zippers and a zinc finger domain, inhibits both basal and ind...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.3.1042
更新日期:1999-02-02 00:00:00
abstract::Conformational aspects of the acetylcholine receptor (AcChoR) of Electrophorus electricus have been examined by studies of its interaction with structurally related, constrained aromatic bis quaternary compounds. Among the compounds synthesized was 3,3'-bis[alpha-(trimethylammonium)-methyl]azobenzene dibromide (3,3'-b...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.1.256
更新日期:1979-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::We report light-induced electron paramagnetic resonance triplet spectra from samples of chloroplasts or digitonin photosystem I particles that depend upon the dark redox state of the bound acceptors of photosystem I. If the reaction centers are prepared in the redox state P-700 A X- FdB-FdA-, then upon illumination at...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.76.10.5124
更新日期:1979-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::We resolve the 3D trajectory and the orientation of individual cells for extended times, using a digital tracking technique combined with 3D reconstructions. We have used this technique to study the motility of the uniflagellated bacterium Caulobacter crescentus and have found that each cell displays two distinct mode...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1407636111
更新日期:2014-08-05 00:00:00
abstract::The properties of a recently synthesized photolabile chelator for divalent cations are described, the affinity of which for Ca2+ changes by some 5 orders of magnitude on illumination. The compound 1-(2-nitro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N,N,N',N'-tetrakis[(oxycarbonyl)me thyl]-1,2-ethanediamine (DM-nitrophen) binds Ca2+ (Kd a...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.85.17.6571
更新日期:1988-09-01 00:00:00
abstract::Members of the order Nidovirales express their structural protein ORFs from a nested set of 3' subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs), and for most of these ORFs, a single genomic transcription regulatory sequence (TRS) was identified. Nine TRSs were previously reported for the arterivirus Simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1706696114
更新日期:2017-10-17 00:00:00
abstract::Hydra interstitial stem cells continuously give rise to daughter stem cells as well as precursors for nerve and nematocyte differentiation. Growth of the stem cell population is controlled by the self-renewal probability (Ps): Ps is the fraction of stem cell daughters that remain stem cells in each generation. We have...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.75.2.886
更新日期:1978-02-01 00:00:00
abstract::Oligosaccharyltransferase transfers an oligosaccharide chain to the asparagine residues in proteins. The archaeal and eubacterial oligosaccharyltransferases are single subunit membrane enzymes, referred to as "AglB" (archaeal glycosylation B) and "PglB" (protein glycosylation B), respectively. Only one crystal structu...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1309777110
更新日期:2013-10-29 00:00:00
abstract::Antigen-induced activation of T cells can be specifically inhibited by antigen analogs that have been termed T-cell receptor peptide antagonists. These antagonists appear to act by inducing the formation of nonstimulatory or partially stimulatory complexes between T-cell receptors and the major histocompatibility comp...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.91.9.4057
更新日期:1994-04-26 00:00:00
abstract::Drug discovery in psychiatry has been limited to chemical modifications of compounds originally discovered serendipitously. Therefore, more mechanism-oriented strategies of drug discovery for mental disorders are awaited. Schizophrenia is a devastating mental disorder with synaptic disconnectivity involved in its path...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1321109111
更新日期:2014-04-29 00:00:00
abstract::The Escherichia coli gene encoding protein n' has been isolated and named priA for primosomal protein A. Protein n' is absolutely required for the conversion of single-stranded phi X174 DNA to the duplex replicative form in an in vitro-reconstituted system. The gene maps to 88.7 minutes on the chromosome adjacent to t...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4620
更新日期:1990-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::With decreasing temperature, liquids generally freeze into a solid state, losing entropy in the process. However, exceptions to this trend exist, such as quantum liquids, which may remain unfrozen down to absolute zero owing to strong quantum entanglement effects that stabilize a disordered state with zero entropy. Ex...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1508941112
更新日期:2015-07-28 00:00:00
abstract::Activation of naïve cluster of differentiation (CD)8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a tightly regulated process, and specific dendritic cell (DC) subsets are typically required to activate naive CTLs. Potential pathways for antigen presentation leading to CD8(+) T-cell priming include direct presentation, cross-...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1203468109
更新日期:2012-07-31 00:00:00
abstract::We present a unique proxy for the reconstruction of variation in precipitation over the Amazon: oxygen isotope ratios in annual rings in tropical cedar (Cedrela odorata). A century-long record from northern Bolivia shows that tree rings preserve the signal of oxygen isotopes in precipitation during the wet season, wit...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1205977109
更新日期:2012-10-16 00:00:00
abstract::The question of what is a perceptual object is one of the most central and also controversial issues in cognitive science. According to the topological approach to perceptual organization, the core intuitive notion of an object--the holistic identity preserved over shape-changing transformations--may be characterized ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.1010919108
更新日期:2010-12-14 00:00:00
abstract::Biogenesis of plant microRNAs (miRNAs) takes place in nuclear dicing bodies (D-bodies), where the ribonulease III-type enzyme Dicer-like 1 (DCL1) processes primary transcripts of miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) into miRNA/miRNA* (*, passenger strand) duplexes from either base-to-loop or loop-to-base directions. Hyponastic Leaves ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.2007203117
更新日期:2020-07-21 00:00:00
abstract::Actin-myosin (actomyosin) generates mechanical force by consuming ATP molecules. We apply the energy landscape perspective to address a controversial issue as to whether the myosin head moves with multiple steps after a single ATP hydrolysis or only a single mechanical event of the lever-arm swinging follows a single ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.132711799
更新日期:2002-07-09 00:00:00
abstract::We found that two markers of differentiation, tyrosinase (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) activity and melanin synthesis, are induced by diazepam in B16/C3 mouse melanoma cells. We also demonstrated high-affinity binding sites for [3H]diazepam in these cells by radioreceptor ass...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.78.6.3935
更新日期:1981-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Mammalian nervous system function involves billions of neurons which are interconnected in a multitude of neural circuits. Here we describe a genetic approach to chart neural circuits. By using an olfactory-specific promoter, we selectively expressed barley lectin in sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and vom...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.96.6.3194
更新日期:1999-03-16 00:00:00
abstract::Many experiments in the past have demonstrated the requirement of de novo gene expression during the long-term retention of learning and memory. Although previous studies implicated individual genes or genetic pathways in learning and memory, they did not uncover the collective behaviors or patterns of the genes. We h...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.242597199
更新日期:2002-12-10 00:00:00
abstract::Concentrations and isotopic compositions of ethane and propane in cold, deeply buried sediments from the southeastern Pacific are best explained by microbial production of these gases in situ. Reduction of acetate to ethane provides one feasible mechanism. Propane is enriched in (13)C relative to ethane. The amount is...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.0606535103
更新日期:2006-10-03 00:00:00
abstract::The reversible association of alpha and beta gamma subunits of GTP-binding proteins is important for signal transmission from a variety of cell-surface receptors to intracellular effectors. Previous work showed that 1,6-bis(maleimido)hexane, which crosslinks cysteine residues, crosslinks alpha o and alpha i-1 to beta ...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.90.21.10295
更新日期:1993-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::We have demonstrated that the entire murine N-myc gene and the sequences necessary for its expression in human neuroblastoma cells are contained within a 7.4-kilobase murine genomic clone. The complete nucleotide sequence of this gene reveals a number of striking similarities and differences when compared to the relat...
journal_title:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.1073/pnas.83.6.1827
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00