Docking of flexible molecules using multiscale ligand representations.

Abstract:

:Structural genomics will yield an immense number of protein three-dimensional structures in the near future. Automated theoretical methodologies are needed to exploit this information and are likely to play a pivotal role in drug discovery. Here, we present a fully automated, efficient docking methodology that does not require any a priori knowledge about the location of the binding site or function of the protein. The method relies on a multiscale concept where we deal with a hierarchy of models generated for the potential ligand. The models are created using the k-means clustering algorithm. The method was tested on seven protein-ligand complexes. In the largest complex, human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase/nevirapin, the root mean square deviation value when comparing our results to the crystal structure was 0.29 A. We demonstrate on an additional 25 protein-ligand complexes that the methodology may be applicable to high throughput docking. This work reveals three striking results. First, a ligand can be docked using a very small number of feature points. Second, when using a multiscale concept, the number of conformers that require to be generated can be significantly reduced. Third, fully flexible ligands can be treated as a small set of rigid k-means clusters.

journal_name

J Med Chem

authors

Glick M,Grant GH,Richards WG

doi

10.1021/jm020830i

keywords:

subject

Has Abstract

pub_date

2002-10-10 00:00:00

pages

4639-46

issue

21

eissn

0022-2623

issn

1520-4804

pii

jm020830i

journal_volume

45

pub_type

杂志文章
  • (S)- and (R)-8-(di-n-propylamino)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-3H-benz[e]indole-1- carbaldehyde: a new class of orally active 5-HT1A-receptor agonists.

    abstract::The enantiomers of 6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-N,N-di-n-propyl-3H-benz[e]indol-8- amine (S-(-)-2b and R-(+)-2b) and their corresponding 1-formyl analogs (S-(-)-6 and R-(+)-6) were prepared and evaluated pharmacologically for serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. The introduction of a formyl group in the 1-position shifted th...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00067a002

    authors: Stjernlöf P,Gullme M,Elebring T,Andersson B,Wikström H,Lagerquist S,Svensson K,Ekman A,Carlsson A,Sundell S

    更新日期:1993-07-23 00:00:00

  • Design of potent, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin k.

    abstract::Osteoclast-mediated bone matrix resorption has been attributed to cathepsin K, a cysteine protease of the papain family that is abundantly and selectively expressed in osteoclast. Inhibition of cathepsin K could potentially be an effective method to prevent osteoporosis. Structure-activity studies on a series of rever...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm030373l

    authors: Tavares FX,Boncek V,Deaton DN,Hassell AM,Long ST,Miller AB,Payne AA,Miller LR,Shewchuk LM,Wells-Knecht K,Willard DH Jr,Wright LL,Zhou HQ

    更新日期:2004-01-29 00:00:00

  • Photoactivatable Prodrug of Doxazolidine Targeting Exosomes.

    abstract::Natural lipid nanocarriers, exosomes, carry cell-signaling materials such as DNA and RNA for intercellular communications. Exosomes derived from cancer cells contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancer cells by transferring oncogenic signaling molecules to neighboring and remote premetastatic sites. Therefo...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01508

    authors: Tamura R,Balabanova A,Frakes SA,Bargmann A,Grimm J,Koch TH,Yin H

    更新日期:2019-02-28 00:00:00

  • Anti-Helicobacter pylori agents. 4. 2-(Substituted guanidino)-4-phenylthiazoles and some structurally rigid derivatives.

    abstract::In order to find a new class of anti-Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) agents, a series of 4-[(3-acetamido)phenyl]-2-(substituted guanidino)thiazoles and some structurally rigid analoges were synthesized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against H. pylori. Among the compounds obtained, high anti-H. pyrori activit...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm000169n

    authors: Katsura Y,Tomishi T,Inoue Y,Sakane K,Matsumoto Y,Morinaga C,Ishikawa H,Takasugi H

    更新日期:2000-08-24 00:00:00

  • Discovery of IACS-9439, a Potent, Exquisitely Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of CSF1R.

    abstract::Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a significant presence in the tumor stroma across multiple human malignancies and are believed to be beneficial to tumor growth. Targeting CSF1R has been proposed as a potential therapy to reduce TAMs, especially the protumor, immune-suppressive M2 TAMs. Additionally, the high ...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00936

    authors: Czako B,Marszalek JR,Burke JP,Mandal P,Leonard PG,Cross JB,Mseeh F,Jiang Y,Chang EQ,Suzuki E,Kovacs JJ,Feng N,Gera S,Harris AL,Liu Z,Mullinax RA,Pang J,Parker CA,Spencer ND,Yu SS,Wu Q,Tremblay MR,Mikule K,Wi

    更新日期:2020-09-10 00:00:00

  • A novel class of "GABAergic" agents: 1-aryl-3-(aminoalkylidene)oxindoles.

    abstract::Antagonism of mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) induced convulsions, reflecting a GABAergic mechanism, was observed in a series of 1-aryl-3-(aminoalkylidene)oxindoles. Optimal MPA antagonism was associated with 3-halo, 3-alkyl, and/or 4-alkoxy substituents in the pendant aryl ring and with (dimethylamino)methylene, 1-(dime...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00122a025

    authors: Sarges R,Howard HR,Koe BK,Weissman A

    更新日期:1989-02-01 00:00:00

  • New dimeric analogues of ethidium; synthesis, interaction with DNA, and antitumor activity.

    abstract::Three new dimeric analogues of ethidium cation in which the monomeric moieties are linked at the 3' positions by alpha,omega-diethers of varying length and composition have been synthesized. The circular dichroism spectra of all three compounds indicate that they double intercalate, and their effects on the thermal he...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00143a014

    authors: Kuhlmann KF,Mosher CW

    更新日期:1981-11-01 00:00:00

  • Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 14-heteroaromatic-substituted naltrexone derivatives: pharmacological profile switch from mu opioid receptor selectivity to mu/kappa opioid receptor dual selectivity.

    abstract::On the basis of a mu opioid receptor (MOR) homology model and the isosterism concept, three generations of 14-heteroaromatically substituted naltrexone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as potential MOR-selective ligands. The first-generation ligands appeared to be MOR-selective, whereas the second...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm4012214

    authors: Yuan Y,Zaidi SA,Elbegdorj O,Aschenbach LC,Li G,Stevens DL,Scoggins KL,Dewey WL,Selley DE,Zhang Y

    更新日期:2013-11-27 00:00:00

  • Synthesis and biological characterization of protease-activated prodrugs of doxazolidine.

    abstract::Doxazolidine (doxaz) is a new anthracycline anticancer agent. While structurally similar to doxorubicin (dox), doxaz acts via a distinct mechanism to selectively enhance anticancer activity over cardiotoxicity, the most significant clinical impediment to successful anthracycline treatment. Here, we describe the synthe...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm300714p

    authors: Barthel BL,Rudnicki DL,Kirby TP,Colvin SM,Burkhart DJ,Koch TH

    更新日期:2012-07-26 00:00:00

  • Efficient preparations of the beta-glucuronides of dihydroartemisinin and structural confirmation of the human glucuronide metabolite.

    abstract::New and greatly improved preparations of the 12alpha,1'beta- (5) and 12beta,1'beta- (6) glucuronides of dihydroartemisinin (DHA, 2) are reported using anomeric hydroxy and imidate glucuronate intermediates. Comparison of the synthetic and natural materials shows that the human metabolite of DHA is the 12alpha-epimer 5...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm001061a

    authors: O'Neill PM,Scheinmann F,Stachulski AV,Maggs JL,Park BK

    更新日期:2001-04-26 00:00:00

  • Discovery and Optimization of Novel Pyrazolopyrimidines as Potent and Orally Bioavailable Allosteric HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors.

    abstract::The standard of care for HIV-1 infection, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), combines two or more drugs from at least two classes. Even with the success of HAART, new drugs with novel mechanisms are needed to combat viral resistance, improve adherence, and mitigate toxicities. Active site inhibitors of HIV-...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01681

    authors: Li G,Meanwell NA,Krystal MR,Langley DR,Naidu BN,Sivaprakasam P,Lewis H,Kish K,Khan JA,Ng A,Trainor GL,Cianci C,Dicker IB,Walker MA,Lin Z,Protack T,Discotto L,Jenkins S,Gerritz SW,Pendri A

    更新日期:2020-03-12 00:00:00

  • Hit-to-Lead Optimization of a Novel Class of Potent, Broad-Spectrum Trypanosomacides.

    abstract::The parasitic trypanosomes Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi are responsible for significant human suffering in the form of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) and Chagas disease. Drugs currently available to treat these neglected diseases leave much to be desired. Herein we report optimization of a novel class of N-(2-...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00442

    authors: Russell S,Rahmani R,Jones AJ,Newson HL,Neilde K,Cotillo I,Rahmani Khajouei M,Ferrins L,Qureishi S,Nguyen N,Martinez-Martinez MS,Weaver DF,Kaiser M,Riley J,Thomas J,De Rycker M,Read KD,Flematti GR,Ryan E,Tanghe S,R

    更新日期:2016-11-10 00:00:00

  • Fancy bioisosteres: metallocene-derived G-protein-coupled receptor ligands with subnanomolar binding affinity and novel selectivity profiles.

    abstract::Metallocene-derived bioisosteres lead to exceptionally strong binding G-protein-coupled receptor ligands, indicating substantial plasticity of the receptor excluded volume. Novel binding profiles of ferrocenylcarboxamides combining subnanomolar Ki values for the dopamine D4 receptor (1a, 0.52 nM; 1b, 0.63 nM) with sup...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm050170s

    authors: Schlotter K,Boeckler F,Hübner H,Gmeiner P

    更新日期:2005-06-02 00:00:00

  • Multivariate analysis by the minimum spanning tree method of the structural determinants of diphenylethylenes and triphenylacrylonitriles implicated in estrogen receptor binding, protein kinase C activity, and MCF7 cell proliferation.

    abstract::The response profiles of 36 para-substituted diphenylethylenes (DPEs) and triphenylacrylonitriles (TPEs) have been compared by multivariate analysis. The responses measured were (a) relative binding affinity (RBA) for the cytosol estrogen receptor (ER), (b) ability to promote the growth of the human MCF7 breast cancer...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00081a021

    authors: Doré JC,Gilbert J,Bignon E,Crastes de Paulet A,Ojasoo T,Pons M,Raynaud JP,Miquel JF

    更新日期:1992-02-07 00:00:00

  • Novel 2-aminopyrimidine carbamates as potent and orally active inhibitors of Lck: synthesis, SAR, and in vivo antiinflammatory activity.

    abstract::The lymphocyte-specific kinase (Lck) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase of the Src family expressed in T cells and NK cells. Genetic evidence in both mice and humans demonstrates that Lck kinase activity is critical for signaling mediated by the T cell receptor (TCR), which leads to normal T cell development and activat...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm060435i

    authors: Martin MW,Newcomb J,Nunes JJ,McGowan DC,Armistead DM,Boucher C,Buchanan JL,Buckner W,Chai L,Elbaum D,Epstein LF,Faust T,Flynn S,Gallant P,Gore A,Gu Y,Hsieh F,Huang X,Lee JH,Metz D,Middleton S,Mohn D,Morgenster

    更新日期:2006-08-10 00:00:00

  • Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

    abstract::Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (pfLDH) is a key enzyme for energy generation of malarial parasites and is a potential antimalarial chemotherapeutic target. It is known that the oxamate moiety, a pyruvate analog, alone shows higher inhibition against pfLDH than human LDHs, suggesting that it can be used fo...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm070336k

    authors: Choi SR,Pradhan A,Hammond NL,Chittiboyina AG,Tekwani BL,Avery MA

    更新日期:2007-08-09 00:00:00

  • Small Molecule Inhibitors of Ca(2+)-S100B Reveal Two Protein Conformations.

    abstract::The drug pentamidine inhibits calcium-dependent complex formation with p53 ((Ca)S100B·p53) in malignant melanoma (MM) and restores p53 tumor suppressor activity in vivo. However, off-target effects associated with this drug were problematic in MM patients. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies were therefore c...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01369

    authors: Cavalier MC,Ansari MI,Pierce AD,Wilder PT,McKnight LE,Raman EP,Neau DB,Bezawada P,Alasady MJ,Charpentier TH,Varney KM,Toth EA,MacKerell AD Jr,Coop A,Weber DJ

    更新日期:2016-01-28 00:00:00

  • Cloning, characterization, and inhibition studies of a β-carbonic anhydrase from Leishmania donovani chagasi, the protozoan parasite responsible for leishmaniasis.

    abstract::Leishmaniasis is an infection provoked by protozoans belonging to the genus Leishmania. Among the many species and subsepecies of such protozoa, Leishmania donovani chagasi causes visceral leishmaniasis. A β-carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) was cloned and characterized from this organism, denominated here LdcCA. Ld...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm400939k

    authors: Syrjänen L,Vermelho AB,Rodrigues Ide A,Corte-Real S,Salonen T,Pan P,Vullo D,Parkkila S,Capasso C,Supuran CT

    更新日期:2013-09-26 00:00:00

  • Gliotoxin analogues as inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. 2. Resolution and X-ray crystal structure determination.

    abstract::A novel, simple, and efficient method for the chemical resolution of epidithiodioxopiperazines is reported, which is based upon covalent formation of diastereomers. This method might be a general one for the resolution of chiral cyclic disulfides. Dithiol 5, prepared from 2 by reduction with NaBH4, was allowed to reac...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00206a016

    authors: Ottenheijm HC,Herscheid JD,Tijhuis MW,Nivard RJ,De Clercq E,Prick PA

    更新日期:1978-08-01 00:00:00

  • Discovery of iodinated somatostatin analogues selective for hsst2 and hsst5 with excellent inhibition of growth hormone and prolactin release from rat pituitary cells.

    abstract::Inhibition of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) release from the anterior pituitary gland is mediated through somatostatin receptor subtypes sst2 and sst5. It has been found that somatostatin (SS) analogues that are selective for both receptor subtypes are more effective at inhibiting GH and PRL release than mon...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm050376t

    authors: Moore SB,van der Hoek J,de Capua A,van Koetsveld PM,Hofland LJ,Lamberts SW,Goodman M

    更新日期:2005-10-20 00:00:00

  • Design and synthesis of 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (citalopram) analogues as novel probes for the serotonin transporter S1 and S2 binding sites.

    abstract::The serotonin transporter (SERT) is the primary target for antidepressant drugs. The existence of a high affinity primary orthosteric binding site (S1) and a low affinity secondary site (S2) has been described, and their relation to antidepressant pharmacology has been debated. Herein, structural modifications to the ...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm4014136

    authors: Banala AK,Zhang P,Plenge P,Cyriac G,Kopajtic T,Katz JL,Loland CJ,Newman AH

    更新日期:2013-12-12 00:00:00

  • Structural investigation of cycloheptathiophene-3-carboxamide derivatives targeting influenza virus polymerase assembly.

    abstract::The limited number of drug classes licensed for treatment of influenza virus (Flu), together with the continuous emergence of viral variants and drug resistant mutants, highlights the urgent need to find antivirals with novel mechanisms of action. In this context, the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) subunits...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm401560v

    authors: Massari S,Nannetti G,Goracci L,Sancineto L,Muratore G,Sabatini S,Manfroni G,Mercorelli B,Cecchetti V,Facchini M,Palù G,Cruciani G,Loregian A,Tabarrini O

    更新日期:2013-12-27 00:00:00

  • The role of anionic, imidic, and amidic forms in structure-activity relationships. Correlation of electronic indices and bacteriostatic activity in sulfonamides.

    abstract::The problem of structure-activity relationships in sulfonamide type compounds is tackled on the ground that both bacteriostatic activities and structural indices must be referred to the specific individual forms assumed by sulfa drugs in the active solutions. The frequency value of the symmetric stretching mode of the...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm00244a002

    authors: Rastelli,De Benedetti P,Battistuzzi GG,Albasini A

    更新日期:1975-10-01 00:00:00

  • Competitive antagonism of AMPA receptors by ligands of different classes: crystal structure of ATPO bound to the GluR2 ligand-binding core, in comparison with DNQX.

    abstract::Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) constitute a family of ligand-gated ion channels that are essential for mediating fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. This study presents a high-resolution X-ray structure of the competitive antagonist (S)-2-amino-3-[5-tert-butyl-3-(phosphonomethoxy)-4-isox...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm020989v

    authors: Hogner A,Greenwood JR,Liljefors T,Lunn ML,Egebjerg J,Larsen IK,Gouaux E,Kastrup JS

    更新日期:2003-01-16 00:00:00

  • Synthesis and pharmacological properties of a close analogue of an antithrombotic pentasaccharide (SR 90107A/ORG 31540).

    abstract::The synthetic pentasaccharide (1) corresponding to the heparin sequence which binds to, and activates, antithrombin III (AT III) is a potent antithrombotic compound in several animal models of venous thrombosis. We describe here the preparation and the pharmacological properties of 34, an analogue of oligosaccharide 1...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm960726z

    authors: Petitou M,Duchaussoy P,Jaurand G,Gourvenec F,Lederman I,Strassel JM,Bârzu T,Crépon B,Hérault JP,Lormeau JC,Bernat A,Herbert JM

    更新日期:1997-05-23 00:00:00

  • Recent Advances of Colony-Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) Kinase and Its Inhibitors.

    abstract::Colony stimulation factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R), which is also known as FMS kinase, plays an important role in initiating inflammatory, cancer, and bone disorders when it is overstimulated by its ligand, CSF-1. Innate immunity, as well as macrophage differentiation and survival, are regulated by the stimulation of the C...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章,评审

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00873

    authors: El-Gamal MI,Al-Ameen SK,Al-Koumi DM,Hamad MG,Jalal NA,Oh CH

    更新日期:2018-07-12 00:00:00

  • Thiocamptothecin.

    abstract::The synthesis and the X-ray structure of 16a-thiocamptothecin (TCPT), the thiopyridone analog of camptothecin (CPT), are accomplished. The crystal contains two structurally identical, yet independent molecules. Both of them are connected to other molecules via two intermolecular hydrogen bonds. S-methylation of TCPT l...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm8001982

    authors: Samorì C,Guerrini A,Varchi G,Zunino F,Beretta GL,Femoni C,Bombardelli E,Fontana G,Battaglia A

    更新日期:2008-05-22 00:00:00

  • Discovery of Novel Nucleotide Prodrugs with Improved Potency Against HCV Variants Carrying NS5B S282T Mutation.

    abstract::Resistant HCV variants carrying NS5B S282T mutation confer reduced sensitivity to sofosbuvir, the sole marketed NS5B polymerase inhibitor. On the basis of the finding that 2'-α-F-2'-β-C-methylcytidine 5'-triphosphate (8) was more potent than sofosbuvir's active metabolite on inhibition of both wild-type and S282T muta...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00262

    authors: Zhen L,Dai L,Wen X,Yao L,Jin X,Yang XW,Zhao W,Yu SQ,Yuan H,Wang G,Sun H

    更新日期:2017-07-27 00:00:00

  • High-affinity, non-peptide agonists for the ORL1 (orphanin FQ/nociceptin) receptor.

    abstract::The discovery of 8-(5,8-dichloro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalen-2-yl)-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one, 1a, as a high-affinity ligand for the human ORL1 (orphanin FQ/nociceptin) receptor led to the synthesis of a series of optimized ligands. These compounds exhibit high affinity for the human ORL1 receptor, e...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm991129q

    authors: Röver S,Adam G,Cesura AM,Galley G,Jenck F,Monsma FJ Jr,Wichmann J,Dautzenberg FM

    更新日期:2000-04-06 00:00:00

  • Dimethyl-diphenyl-propanamide derivatives as nonsteroidal dissociated glucocorticoid receptor agonists.

    abstract::A series of 2,2-dimethyl-3,3-diphenyl-propanamides as novel glucocorticoid receptor modulators is reported. SAR exploration led to the identification of 4-hydroxyphenyl propanamide derivatives displaying good agonist activity in GR-mediated transrepression assays and reduced agonist activity in GR-mediated transactiva...

    journal_title:Journal of medicinal chemistry

    pub_type: 杂志文章

    doi:10.1021/jm100957a

    authors: Yang BV,Weinstein DS,Doweyko LM,Gong H,Vaccaro W,Huynh T,Xiao HY,Doweyko AM,McKay L,Holloway DA,Somerville JE,Habte S,Cunningham M,McMahon M,Townsend R,Shuster D,Dodd JH,Nadler SG,Barrish JC

    更新日期:2010-12-09 00:00:00