Abstract：
PURPOSE:The prevalence of myopia shows a decline with age in cross-sectional studies. This pattern may represent an increase in the prevalence of myopia in younger generations, possibly through increased exposure to near work, or an intrinsic age-related decline in myopia prevalence. Data were analyzed from published studies to determine which of these two alternatives better explains the data: a cohort effect of changing prevalence by decade or a longitudinal effect of changing prevalence as a function of age. METHODS:Prevalence data were taken from three studies conducted in the late 1980s and compared with those obtained indirectly from a national survey conducted in the early 1970s. The prevalence of myopia was then plotted as a function of age and year of birth. RESULTS:The pattern of change in the prevalence of myopia as a function of age was consistent across all studies when data were scaled relative to the prevalence of myopia at age-range midpoints from 44.5 to 49.5 years. The pattern of change was not consistent as a function of year of birth. When the data were scaled relative to the prevalence of myopia among those with years of birth from 1940 to 1942 and plotted by year of birth, results from the early 1970s were offset from those of later studies by approximately 18 years. CONCLUSIONS:The decline in the prevalence of myopia in older adults between the early 1970s and the late 1980s can be better explained by age than by year of birth. The prevalence of myopia appears to decrease because of an intrinsic age-related decrease in the amount of an individual's myopia rather than because of a cohort effect of increasing prevalence over time. The hypothesis that increasing environmental exposures to near work in recent decades have changed the prevalence of myopia is not supported by this analysis.
journal_name
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Scijournal_title
Investigative ophthalmology & visual scienceauthors
Mutti DO,Zadnik Kkeywords:
subject
Has Abstractpub_date
2000-07-01 00:00:00pages
2103-7issue
8eissn
0146-0404issn
1552-5783journal_volume
41pub_type
杂志文章abstract：Purpose:To evaluate the nature and extent of functional abnormality in X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS) by comparing three dark-adapted, full-field measures: the electroretinogram (ERG), pupillary light reflex (PLR), and luminance threshold. Methods:ERGs, PLRs (pupil constriction due to light stimulation), and luminance ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.61.6.53
更新日期：2020-06-03 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To test the hypothesis that human choroidal blood flow (ChBF) may depend, not only on ocular perfusion pressure (OPP), but also on absolute mean arterial pressure (MAP) and intraocular pressure (IOP). METHODS:There were two study days in an open design. On the first day, OPP was varied by elevating IOP during ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.07-0307
更新日期：2007-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:This retrospective observational study was designed to evaluate the frequency of, and the factors associated with, optic disc swelling in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH). METHODS:A retrospective observational study was conducted. We analyzed 116 eyes of 58 patients with VKH. Demographic and clinical differe...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-8984
更新日期：2012-04-18 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To assess changes in rod and cone visual functions in a mouse model of Fundus albipunctatus with disrupted 11-cis-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH) genes after pharmacologic treatment with an artificial retinal chromophore. METHODS:Retinoid levels and photoreceptor functions of Rdh5-/-Rdh11-/- mice at a variety of l...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.06-0215
更新日期：2006-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:DBA/2J mice are a standard preclinical glaucoma model, which spontaneously developed mutations resulting in chronic age-related pigmentary glaucoma. The goals of this study were to identify the degree of visual impairment in DBA/2J mice before and after disease onset by quantifying the optokinetic reflex respon...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.10-7106
更新日期：2011-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Microsaccades could indicate the place where our mind is unconsciously focusing, although our gaze is directed elsewhere. Many studies report the importance of microsaccades in visual scene perception, but none of them has addressed their relationship with the perception of a dynamic action and the prediction o...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.15-16880
更新日期：2015-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To determine whether a novel peroxynitrite-based photosensitizer S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) can produce specific in vitro light-induced cell death of both standard animal lung and human Tenon's capsule (TC) fibroblasts and to compare this effect with that produced by the established photodynamic porphyrin prec...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2000-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To determine whether the atmospheric pressure (ATM) change experienced during diving can induce changes in the intraocular pressure (IOP) of eyes in a normal population. METHODS:The IOP of 27 healthy volunteers (ages, 23.8 +/- 4.9 years; range, 18-44) was measured with a Perkins applanation tonometer by two in...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.07-1578
更新日期：2008-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To determine the cellular origin and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) immunoreactivity of the nonvascular stromal cells in surgically excised age-related macular degeneration (ARMD)-associated choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs). METHODS:Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on frozen sec...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1996-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To examine the cross-sectional relationship between blood pressure, perfusion pressure, and prevalence of open angle glaucoma (OAG) in an adult Latino population. METHODS:Participants aged 40 years and older (N = 6130) from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study (LALES), a large, population-based study of self-ident...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.08-2956
更新日期：2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract：:An animal model of chronic cicatrizing trachoma has been produced by repeated ocular inoculation with Chlamydia trachomatis serotype E, a genitally transmitted strain. We have now produced a chronic follicular conjunctivitis on cynomolgus monkeys by repeated inoculation with C. trachomatis serotype A, which has been i...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1982-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Doxorubicin chemomyectomy presently represents the only permanent, nonsurgical treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. The major deterrent to an otherwise extremely effective treatment protocol is the development in patients of localized inflammation, discomfort, and skin injury over the injection sit...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1999-10-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To optimize a nonviral gene transfection system targeting the corneal limbal stem/progenitor cells. METHODS:A plasmid containing LacZ gene coding for beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) was transfected into human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and multilineage progenitor cells (MLPCs) with different transfection r...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.07-1263
更新日期：2008-08-01 00:00:00
abstract：Purpose:This study investigated the expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in basal tears of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to nondiabetic controls; and correlated tear levels of IGFBP-3 with morphologic changes in the subbasal nerve plexus and density of basal corneal epi...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.17-22425
更新日期：2017-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:An early injury response to retinal detachment is disruption of synaptic connectivity between photoreceptors and second-order neurons. Most dramatic is the retraction of rod cell axons and their terminals away from the outer synaptic layer and toward their cell bodies. This study tested whether axonal retractio...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.10-5744
更新日期：2011-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of primary angle-closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC), and primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) in a rural population in China. METHODS:In all, 6716 Han Chinese 30 years of age and older (5480 subjects 40 years of age and older) from 13 villages...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-7480
更新日期：2011-11-07 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To characterize the response of cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to lowered environmental oxygen. METHODS:The response of cultured RPE cells to lowered oxygen environments was compared to that of cell types of presumed high (Madin-Darby canine kidney [MDCK] cells, an epithelial cell line) ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1994-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To characterize the differential expression of intraocular inflammatory cytokines in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and to assess their roles as prognostic determinants of BRVO. METHODS:A prospective cohort study of 38 eyes with BRVO. Aqueous humor samples were collected just before the intravi...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.10-6299
更新日期：2011-05-06 00:00:00
abstract：Purpose:To assess the effect of serous retinal detachment (SRD) on functional and anatomical outcomes in ranibizumab-treated patients with diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods:All consecutive ranibizumab-treated patients with SRD were included in this retrospective study. For each patient with SRD, a patient without ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.16-20855
更新日期：2017-02-01 00:00:00
abstract：Purpose:During development, the corneal epithelium (CE) and the conjunctiva are derived from the surface ectoderm. Here we have examined how, during development, the cells of these two issues become isolated from each other. Methods:Epithelia from the anterior eyes of chicken embryos were labeled with the fluorescent,...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.16-20737
更新日期：2017-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The capacities of porcine choroidal fibroblasts, retinal glial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells to contract collagen gels in vitro were compared. Experiments with varied cell numbers indicated that glial cells are the most effective, followed by choroidal fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells. An...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1992-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To investigate possible protective effects of lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF) against photoreceptor death in light-damaged, Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and P23H rhodopsin transgenic rats. METHODS:Twelve-week-old Sprague-Dawley (SD), 6-week-old RCS, and 10-day-old P23H (line 1, heterozygote) r...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：2001-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The anterior surface of the eye is covered by several physically contiguous but histologically distinguishable epithelial overlying the cornea, limbus, bulbar conjunctiva, fornix conjunctiva, and palpebral conjunctiva. It is important to determine whether the different phenotypes of these epithelia are the resu...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1993-04-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Optic neuritis (ON) is a condition involving primary inflammation, demyelination, and axonal injury in the optic nerve and leads to apoptotic retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, which contributes to the persistence of visual loss. Currently, ON has no effective treatment. The goal was to determine the effectiven...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.11-8419
更新日期：2012-01-25 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:To determine whether corneal acidosis, which occurs during contact lens wear, alters corneal O2 consumption (QO2) and if so, whether increased ion transport activity could contribute to altered QO2 during acidosis. METHODS:PO2 was measured, using the phosphorescence quenching of Pd-meso-tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Several studies have reported higher levels of macular pigment (MP) in association with reduced risk for age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), a disease to which there is a genetic predisposition. A classic twin study was performed to determine the heritability of MP in the healthy eye. METHODS:One hundred ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.05-0519
更新日期：2005-12-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is required for vascular development and for ischemia-related tumor, iris, and retinal neovascularization. The role of VEGF in inflammatory corneal neovascularization is unknown and was investigated in these studies. METHODS:A rat model was used in which removal of the...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:The authors used and validated a recently developed method, mRNA differential display, to detect and clone genes that are differentially expressed in healing compared to stationary corneal epithelium. METHODS:RNAs from unwounded and 18-hour postwound corneal epithelia were isolated and subjected to mRNA differ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1995-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ocular shedding and recurrent corneal epithelial lesions were assessed following an intravenous injection of cyclophosphamide (75 mg/kg) and 24 hr later an intravenous injection of dexamethasone (4 mg/kg) in 24 eyes of 15 rabbits latently infected with HSV-1 strain McKrae. Sampling ...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：
更新日期：1989-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：PURPOSE:Vanishing optotypes (VOs) are pseudo high-pass letters whose mean luminance matches the background so that they "vanish" when the recognition acuity threshold is reached in the fovea. We determined the effect of increasing blur on acuity for these optotypes and conventional letters, in both foveal and extrafove...
journal_title：Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1167/iovs.12-9864
更新日期：2012-10-09 00:00:00
