Abstract:
:Much time and effort are spent on designing primary research studies. Similar care must be given to planning systematic reviews. The review should be based on an important, well-focused question that is relevant to patient care. By formulating the question properly, the criteria that primary studies must meet to be included in the review become clear. These criteria, which comprise the types of persons involved, exposure, control group, outcomes, and study designs of interest, can then be refined so that they are clinically relevant, sensible, and workable. Inclusion criteria that are too narrow will limit the amount of data in the review, thereby increasing the risk for chance results and making the review less useful for the reader. Reviews should include studies whose designs offer the least biased answer to the question being asked. To maximize available data and reduce the risk for bias, as many relevant studies as possible need to be identified, regardless of publication status or language. Multiple overlapping search strategies should therefore be used and must be carefully planned. Strategies include searching the many electronic databases available (after careful consideration of which terms to enter), manually searching journals and conference proceedings, searching bibliographies of articles, searching existing registers of studies, and contacting companies or researchers. The time taken to formulate the question adequately and develop appropriate searches will increase the chance of producing a high-quality, meaningful review.
journal_name
Ann Intern Medjournal_title
Annals of internal medicineauthors
Counsell Cdoi
10.7326/0003-4819-127-5-199709010-00008subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1997-09-01 00:00:00pages
380-7issue
5eissn
0003-4819issn
1539-3704journal_volume
127pub_type
杂志文章,评审abstract::Plasma lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were measured in 10 insulin-dependent (Type I) diabetics taking their usual dose of conventionally administered insulin during 6 months of a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion delivered with a small, portable, battery-powered pump. With this insulin delivery system...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-95-4-426
更新日期:1981-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Subjects (109) with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were treated with 5, 10, or 20 mg of sodium etidronate (EHDP)/kg body weight - day for 6 to 24 months. Significant decreases in serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline were noted after 6 months of therapy; no significant further improvement resulted...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-87-6-656
更新日期:1977-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Residency Program in Social Medicine at Montefiore Medical Center is a collaborative, integrated training program for primary care pediatricians, internists, and family physicians within one interdisciplinary organization. Since 1970 we have trained more than 200 physicians, prepared them for board certification i...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-109-4-324
更新日期:1988-08-15 00:00:00
abstract::The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) consists of 15 experts in immunization and related fields, selected by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, to provide advice and guidance on control of vaccine-preventable diseases. In its role as a federal advisory committee, the A...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-150-1-200901060-00009
更新日期:2009-01-06 00:00:00
abstract::This guideline summarizes the current approaches for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism. The importance of early diagnosis to prevent mortality and morbidity associated with venous thromboembolism cannot be overstressed. This field is highly dynamic, however, and new evidence is emerging periodically that may cha...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00013
更新日期:2007-03-20 00:00:00
abstract::We report the case of a 23-year-old woman who developed severe myalgias in association with mild hepatitis B surface antigen-positive hepatitis. Muscle biopsy showed myriads of microvacuoles filled with neutral lipid. Prednisone therapy was associated with complete clearing of all clinical and laboratory abnormalities...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-87-4-417
更新日期:1977-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::This statement summarizes the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations on screening for family and intimate partner violence, based on the USPSTF's examination of evidence specific to family and intimate partner violence, and updates the 1996 recommendations on this topic. In 1996, the USPSTF found...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 指南,杂志文章,实务指引
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00014
更新日期:2004-03-02 00:00:00
abstract::Arterial blood gas analysis is used to evaluate oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange and acid-base status. Few studies identify indications for arterial blood gas analysis, especially with regard to optimizing the quality of patient care. General indications in severely ill adults usually include pathophysiologic ab...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-105-3-390
更新日期:1986-09-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Electrical cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for embolic stroke. Screening for atrial thrombi with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) before cardioversion should, in many patients, safely permit cardioversion to be done earlier than would be possible ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-3-199702010-00004
更新日期:1997-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine whether the use of non-potassium-sparing diuretics and beta-blockers is associated with an excess risk for sudden cardiac death in hypertensive patients. DESIGN:Case-control study. SETTING:Rotterdam, the Netherlands. PATIENTS:257 case-patients who had died suddenly while receiving drug therapy...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-123-7-199510010-00001
更新日期:1995-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::A lack of national health goals has allowed physician manpower policy to be dominated by an expansionist philosophy. Scarce resources have been channeled into the production of specialist physicians trained to provide complex and expensive care for uncommon diseases, using other scare and expensive resources and addin...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-90-2-249
更新日期:1979-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Many constituents of fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk for coronary heart disease, but data on the relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk for coronary heart disease are sparse. OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with risk for coronary hear...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-12-200106190-00010
更新日期:2001-06-19 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:U.S. HIV treatment guidelines recommend branded once-daily, 1-pill efavirenz-emtricitabine-tenofovir as first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). With the anticipated approval of generic efavirenz in the United States, a once-daily, 3-pill alternative (generic efavirenz, generic lamivudine, and tenofovir) wil...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-2-201301150-00002
更新日期:2013-01-15 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-one juvenile-onset diabetic patients with azotemic nephropathy underwent coronary angiography and left ventriculography before renal transplantation or chronic hemodialysis. Two-year survival of 12 patients with no coronary artery disease (group A) was 88% compared to 22% for nine patients with coronary artery ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-346
更新日期:1978-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Twenty-nine men with stage III or unresectable stage II malignant germ cell tumors and no previous chemotherapy received treatments with the VAB-6 protocol. The VAB-6 regimen is a 1-year program beginning with three successive inductions at 3-to-4-week intervals: day 1--cyclophosphamide, 600 mg/m of body surface area ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-95-1-59
更新日期:1981-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::The association of the Epstein-Barr virus and two human malignancies, Burkitt's lumphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, is reviewed. Seroepidemiologic, virologic, and immunologic evidence is summarized, and several hypotheses regarding a possible etiologic role for the Epstein-Barr virus in these tumors are presented. ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-86-3-323
更新日期:1977-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Impairment of penicillin G excretion in renal failure may result in life-threatening, dose-related toxicity. We report a method for achieving a desired mean serum penicillin G concentration in patients with renal failure, with minimal risk of both undertreatment and drug toxicity. The method is based on the linear rel...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-82-2-189
更新日期:1975-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:In previous open-label noncomparative clinical trials, both fluconazole and itraconazole were effective therapy for progressive forms of coccidioidomycosis. OBJECTIVE:To determine whether fluconazole or itraconazole is superior for treatment of nonmeningeal progressive coccidioidal infections. DESIGN:Rando...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 临床试验,杂志文章,多中心研究,随机对照试验
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-9-200011070-00009
更新日期:2000-11-07 00:00:00
abstract::Palliative care prioritizes symptom management and quality of life throughout the course of serious illness. Regardless of whether care is inpatient or outpatient, primary or subspecialty, a solid understanding of the basics of effective communication, symptom management, and end-of-life care is crucial. This article ...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.7326/AITC201803060
更新日期:2018-03-06 00:00:00
abstract:OBJECTIVE:To determine the number and distribution of internists in subspecialty training and compare with data collected since 1976; to determine the distribution of activity of subspecialty fellows; and to focus on hematology and oncology. DESIGN:Repeated mail survey with telephone follow-up. PARTICIPANTS:All direc...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-114-1-36
更新日期:1991-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:STUDY OBJECTIVE:To assess the effects of dopamine, which has an inotropic effect on the myocardium and increases renal and splanchnic blood flow, on diaphragmatic contraction. DESIGN AND PATIENTS:We studied the changes in transdiaphragmatic pressure during electrical bilateral supramaximal stimulation of the phrenic n...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-110-1-17
更新日期:1989-01-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Understanding the risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia can help to assess prognosis and devise and test preventive strategies. OBJECTIVE:To examine the baseline and time-dependent risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia and to determine the conditional probability and cumulative risk ov...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-129-6-199809150-00002
更新日期:1998-09-15 00:00:00
abstract::After marketing, drugs should be evaluated for safety and for efficacy. Present national systems are inadequate for both tasks. Safety can be evaluated by means of nonexperimental research, whereas evaluation of efficacy in a variety of settings representing normal medical practice generally requires experiments, rand...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-90-2-257
更新日期:1979-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:Even with optimal pharmacotherapy, symptomatic heart failure is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. PURPOSE:To determine the efficacy and safety of cardiac resynchronization therapy in adults with advanced systolic heart failure. DATA SOURCES:The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Tri...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章,meta分析,评审
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-5-200409070-00101
更新日期:2004-09-07 00:00:00
abstract::The competition for funds to conduct clinical research is intense, and only a minority of grant proposals receive funding. In particular, funding for patient-oriented research lags behind that allocated for basic science research. Grant writing is a skill of fundamental importance to the clinical researcher, and condu...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-4-200502150-00009
更新日期:2005-02-15 00:00:00
abstract::We evaluated the usefulness of computed tomography (CT) brain scanning in alcoholic patients with withdrawal seizures (n = 151) and other neurologic problems (n = 87) and compared the findings of a detailed neurologic examination to the results of CT scanning. In patients with seizures, nearly 50% of CT scans were nor...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-94-4-519
更新日期:1981-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::HLA-B27 is a transplantation antigen found in a high proportion of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Recently, an association has been shown to exist between HLA-B27 and acute uveitis, even in the absence of ankylosing spondylitis. We have examined the HLA antigen profile of 45 patients with acute nongranulomatous...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-85-5-606
更新日期:1976-11-01 00:00:00
abstract::With the renewed interest in esophageal motility disorders, diffuse esophageal spasm is being diagnosed more frequently. In many clinical settings, however, the term is used as a synonym for noncardiac chest pain. Our review of the literature and broad clinical experience in studying the motility patterns of healthy s...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-100-2-242
更新日期:1984-02-01 00:00:00
abstract:BACKGROUND:The appropriate duration of therapy for catheter-associated Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is controversial. Conventional practice dictates that all patients receive prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics. Some clinicians recommend abbreviated therapeutic courses, but an alternate approach involves p...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-130-10-199905180-00004
更新日期:1999-05-18 00:00:00
abstract::Antinuclear antibodies are present in most patients receiving procainamide. To ascertain whether IgG antiguanosine antibodies are associated with the development of the symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus, we compared the levels of these antibodies in the sera of 65 patients receiving procainamide: 18 with procai...
journal_title:Annals of internal medicine
pub_type: 杂志文章
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-104-3-310
更新日期:1986-03-01 00:00:00