Conjunctive schedules of reinforcement II: response requirements and stimulus effects.

abstract：:Responding under fixed-interval schedules usually generates either scalloped or break-and-run cumulative records. Earlier, it was generally accepted that the characteristic pattern was the scallop, but in recent years there has been an increasing emphasis on the break-and-run pattern. The break-and-run pattern has bee...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dews PB

更新日期：1978-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three normal adults were first trained to point sequentially to each member of several pairs of visual stimuli. This baseline training established one class of stimuli to which subjects responded first, and another class of stimuli to which they responded second. Then, in a matching-to-sample procedure, baseline-seque...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lazar R

更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of an imperfect substitute for food on demand for food in a closed economy. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats pressed a lever for their entire daily food ration, and a fixed ratio of presses was required for each food pellet. In both experiments, the fixed ratio was held...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bauman RA,Raslear TG,Hursh SR,Shurtleff D,Simmons L

更新日期：1996-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In behavior analysis, research on stimulus equivalence has been an area of high activity for more than 45 years. Murray Sidman's contribution was crucial in the development of this field, and, thus, it seems informative to highlight the experiments that were necessary in the development of the descriptive model of equ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Arntzen E,Saetherbakken PS

更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Long-Evans rats were exposed to a succession of conditioned-suppression procedures involving pairings of (1) signal-shock, (2) shock-signal, and (3) a signal-shock-signal sequence in which first and second signals were at first physically identical. Traditional suppression of food-reinforced responding was obtained un...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davis H,Memmott J,Hurwitz HM

更新日期：1976-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four studies were conducted to investigate the source of reinforcement of Sidman avoidance. First it was found that the acquisition of avoidance was seriously impaired if there was no immediate stimulus consequence of responding, i.e., proprioceptive and auditory feedback. The second study showed that if the shock-sho...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： BOLLES RC,POPP RJ Jr

更新日期：1964-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Punishment of bar-pressing responses of rhesus monkeys with electric shock in one component of a multiple free-operant avoidance schedule suppressed responding in that component. These decreases were concomitant with response rate increases in the unpunished component (punishment contrast). Response rates in both comp...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lattal KA,Griffin MA

更新日期：1972-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The learning efficiency of an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin was evaluated using auditory discrimination learning-set tasks. Efficiency, as measured by the probability of a correct response on Trial 2 of a new discrete-trial, two-choice auditory discrimination problem, reached levels comparable to those attained by advan...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Herman LM,Arbeit WR

更新日期：1973-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons pecked a key under two-component multiple variable-ratio schedules that offered 8-s or 2-s access to grain. Phase 1 assessed the effects of differences in reinforcer magnitude on postreinforcement pausing, as a function of ratio size. In Phase 2, postreinforcement pausing and the first five interresponse times...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Blakely E,Schlinger H

更新日期：1988-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:This study employed a stimulus-class rating procedure to explore whether stimulus equivalence and stimulus generalization can combine to promote the formation of open-ended categories incorporating cross-modal stimuli. A pretest of simple auditory discrimination indicated that subjects (college students) could discrim...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Lane SD,Clow JK,Innis A,Critchfield TS

更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rodent models have been especially useful for investigating adolescent ethanol exposure. However, there is a paucity of studies examining sex differences in behavioral intoxication from adolescent ethanol drinking. Here, we used an ethanol drinking model to investigate if adolescent rats of both sexes readily drink et...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Westbrook SR,Kang M,Sherrill LK,O'Hearn D,Krishnamani T,Gulley JM

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons with extensive training pecking a key illuminated by a white line then had brief training with the key illuminated by 555 nanometers. This was immediately followed by a wavelength generalization test in extinction. Dimensional stimulus control about the training wavelength increased with the duration and numbe...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weisman RG,Thio H

更新日期：1976-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Auto-shaping the pigeon's key-peck response was examined as a respondent conditioning procedure with the use of Rescorla's truly-random control procedure. In the first experiment, pigeons received presentations of brief light on the response key and brief presentations of food where the light and the food were indepen...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Bilbrey J,Winokur S

更新日期：1973-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were trained to criterion in successive reversals of a classically conditioned heart-rate discrimination. Criterion was attained more rapidly in the later reversals in the series than in the early reversals and the inter-problem learning curve was of the same general form as that found with successive instrumenta...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Tighe TJ,Graves DM,Riley CA

更新日期：1968-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons received pre-training that included presentation of the reinforcer independently of behavior and then baseline training on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. With the introduction of a multiple schedule, in which the first stimulus was associated with a response contingent and a second stimulu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Halliday MS,Boakes RA

更新日期：1971-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Steep delay discounting is characterized by a preference for small immediate outcomes relative to larger delayed outcomes and is predictive of drug abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and other maladaptive behaviors. Nancy M. Petry was a pioneer in delay discounting research who demonstrated that people discount delayed mo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Odum AL,Becker RJ,Haynes JM,Galizio A,Frye CCJ,Downey H,Friedel JE,Perez DM

更新日期：2020-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight alligators were trained to escape heat by traversing an 8-ft runway containing right or left approaches to a water tank. All subjects were run until they had satisfied three criteria of stable response time, after which the predominant escape path was blocked, requiring discrimination reversal. Seven subjects ag...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davidson RS

更新日期：1966-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to a concurrent-chains schedule in which a single variable-interval 30-s schedule was used in the initial links and fixed-time schedules were used in the terminal links. Three types of keylight conditions were used in the terminal links. In the first condition, different delays were associated wit...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Omino T

更新日期：1993-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Bower's (1961) all-or-none model of human paired-associate learning was applied to individual data supplied by three pigeons. When the center one of three keys was illuminated with red light or with three white dots in a vertical array on a black ground, pecking on the left key was reinforced. When the center key was ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Rodewald HK

更新日期：1973-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The purpose of this study was to model hierarchical classification as contextually controlled, generalized relational responding or relational framing. In Experiment 1, a training procedure involving nonarbitrarily related multidimensional stimuli was used to establish two arbitrary shapes as contextual cues for 'memb...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Slattery B,Stewart I

更新日期：2014-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rhesus monkeys were trained and tested in visual and auditory list-memory tasks with sequences of four travel pictures or four natural/environmental sounds followed by single test items. Acquisitions of the visual list-memory task are presented. Visual recency (last item) memory diminished with retention delay, and pr...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wright AA

更新日期：2007-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Characteristic patterns of conditioned key-pressing were maintained in the chimpanzee under a multiple 30-response fixed-ratio, 10-minute fixed-interval schedule of food presentation. Adjunctive drinking occurred with regularity during the fixed-interval schedule and, with less frequency, during 1-minute timeout perio...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Byrd LD

更新日期：1980-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:It has been hypothesized that the magnitude-of-reinforcement effect may differ in closed and open experimental economies. We determined the relationship between magnitude of reinforcement and response rate in three feeding conditions: a closed economy in which total intake was unrestricted, a closed economy in which t...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Collier G,Johnson DF,Morgan C

更新日期：1992-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Using a color-tracking procedure with responses reinforced under a second-order schedule, the discriminative-stimulus properties of phencyclidine were studied in pigeons maintained at 70%, 80%, or 90% of their free-feeding weights. The generalization curves for phencyclidine were similar at all three body weights. Gen...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Massey BW,McMillan DE

更新日期：1987-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three groups of 12 pigeons each were trained to discriminate between lights of 550 mmu (S(D)), correlated with 1-min variable-interval reinforcement and 570 mmu (S(Delta)), correlated with extinction. Group A was tested for wavelength generalization in extinction 1 min after meeting the discrimination criterion; Group...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Thomas DR,Burr DE

更新日期：1969-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:A theory of attending and reinforcement in conditional discriminations is extended to working memory in delayed matching to sample by adding terms for disruption of attending during the retention interval. Like its predecessor, the theory assumes that reinforcers and disruptors affect the independent probabilities of ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Nevin JA,Davison M,Odum AL,Shahan TA

更新日期：2007-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The recurrence of negatively reinforced responding of humans was studied in three experiments. In each experiment during Baseline, key-pressing produced 3-s timeouts from a requirement to exert finger pressure on a force cell according to variable- or fixed-ratio schedules of reinforcement. In Experiment 1, resurgence...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Alessandri J,Lattal KA,Cançado CR

更新日期：2015-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Same/Different abstract-concept learning by Clark's nutcrackers (Nucifraga columbiana) was tested with novel stimuli following learning of training set expansion (8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, and 1024 picture items). The resulting set-size function was compared to those from rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), capuchin ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Wright AA,Magnotti JF,Katz JS,Leonard K,Kelly DM

更新日期：2016-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were trained to detect differences in light intensity. Two stimuli, S1 and S2, differing in intensity, were arranged on the center key of a three-key chamber according to set probabilities. A peck on the center key turned on the two side keys. When S1 was presented on the center key, a peck on the left ke...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McCarthy D,Davison M

更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Schedule-controlled lever pressing and schedule-induced licking were studied in rats under a multiple fixed-interval fixed-interval schedule of food reinforcement. Following acquisition of stable rates of pressing and licking, a multiple variable-time variable-time schedule of electric-shock delivery was superimposed ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hymowitz N

更新日期：1981-03-01 00:00:00