Abstract：
:Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of an imperfect substitute for food on demand for food in a closed economy. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats pressed a lever for their entire daily food ration, and a fixed ratio of presses was required for each food pellet. In both experiments, the fixed ratio was held constant during a daily session but was increased between sessions. The fixed ratio was increased over a series of daily sessions once in the absence of concurrently available sucrose and again when sucrose pellets were freely available. For both series, increases in the fixed ratio reduced food intake, but body weight was reduced only in the no-sucrose condition. In the sucrose condition, body weight and total caloric intake (sucrose plus food) were relatively unaffected by increases in the fixed ratio. At all fixed ratios, food intake was proportionally reduced by the intake of sucrose. In Experiment 3, monkeys obtained food or saccharin by pressing keys; the fixed ratio of presses per food pellet was increased once when tap water was each monkey's only source of fluid, again when each monkey's water was sweetened with saccharin, and a third time when each monkey had concurrent access to the saccharin solution and plain water. Increases in the fixed ratio, but not the intake of the saccharin solution, reduced each monkey's food intake. Because neither rats' sucrose nor monkeys' saccharin intakes affected the slope of the respective demand curves for food, monkeys and rats increased their daily output of presses and thereby defended their daily intake of those complementary elements of food. However, sucrose reduced rats' food intake. The relative constancy of body weight and total caloric intake in the sucrose condition is consistent with the possibility that rats tended to regulate caloric intake.
journal_name
J Exp Anal Behavjournal_title
Journal of the experimental analysis of behaviorauthors
Bauman RA,Raslear TG,Hursh SR,Shurtleff D,Simmons Ldoi
10.1901/jeab.1996.65-401subject
Has Abstractpub_date
1996-03-01 00:00:00pages
401-22issue
2eissn
0022-5002issn
1938-3711journal_volume
65pub_type
杂志文章abstract：:Subjects pressed a telegraph key to illuminate a meter dial on which pointer deflections appeared at fixed intervals. Upon detecting a deflection they were required to press another key to reset the pointer to zero. This detecting and resetting operation reinforced the behavior of pressing the light-flashing key (i.e....
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1963.6-431
更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In the first of two experiments, periods of noise were terminated with unavoidable shock to 36 rats. The rats' continuously reinforced responding was later completely suppressed during the noise when it was introduced without shock. The rats were then assigned to nine experimental groups. Each group was exposed to dif...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1968.11-503
更新日期：1968-09-01 00:00:00
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journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2002.78-17
更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In concurrent, two-member chains, the completion of one or the other of two initial percentage fixed-interval 90-sec links produced a terminal link in which the completion of a fixed ratio produced food reinforcement. The fixed ratios and the duration of reinforcement in the terminal links were varied. Relative respon...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1969.12-253
更新日期：1969-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Groups of three rats were placed in a chamber containing one response lever and one water dispenser. A variety of schedule conditions were explored including fixed ratio, extinction, satiation, fixed interval, fixed time, differential reinforcement of low rates, and discrimination learning. Each group was treated as a...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1974.22-311
更新日期：1974-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Eight albino rats, conditioned to press a lever to escape shock, continued to lever press during short inescapable shocks presented subsequently. The rate of this behavior was found to be higher for higher shock intensities regardless of the order in which shock values were presented. Relative to the immediately prece...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1969.12-1045
更新日期：1969-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons could produce food by pecking exactly four times on each of two keys, in any order. In the first experiment, these response sequences were reinforced on a series of multiple schedules of variable-interval reinforcement. In the second experiment, these response sequences were reinforced on a series of concurren...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1986.45-283
更新日期：1986-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Responding of three pigeons was maintained under conjunctive fixed-ratio, fixed-interval schedules where a key peck produced food after both schedule requirements were completed. The individual schedule requirements were then successively removed and reinstated with responding maintained under the following conditions...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1975.24-23
更新日期：1975-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five groups of pigeons were food reinforced on various schedules. Half of each group were extinguished in the normal manner; the others were presented with a stimulus change, previously paired with reinforcement, each time they completed their respective fixed ratios. Response rate in training was an increasing negati...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1966.9-41
更新日期：1966-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Five rats responded under concurrent fixed-interval variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement. Fixed-interval values ranged from 50-seconds to 300-seconds and variable-ratio values ranged from 30 to 360; a five-second changeover delay was in effect throughout the experiment. The relations between reinforcement ra...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1981.36-317
更新日期：1981-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats performed on progressive-ratio schedules that required an increasing number of responses for each successive reinforcement. The number of responses required increased until the subjects failed to complete the next ratio in the sequence within 15 min. Response-ratio increments of two responses, five responses, and...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1974.21-553
更新日期：1974-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to multiple and concurrent second-order schedules of token reinforcement, with stimulus lights serving as token reinforcers. Tokens were produced and exchanged for food according to various fixed-ratio schedules, yielding equal and unequal unit prices (responses per unit food delivery). On one sch...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2004.81-5
更新日期：2004-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A paradigm for the control of visual fixation of the macaque monkey in vision experiments was described. Using a Maxwellian view, the procedure permits the placement of discrete test-light stimuli in a specific area of the retina as the monkey fixates a primary target. This procedure holds foveal fixation as other beh...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1976.25-113
更新日期：1976-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Traditionally, behavior analysts have studied stimulus equivalence using a matching-to-sample (MTS) preparation. Although researchers have shown the utility of MTS to yield equivalence classes, the procedure requires several prerequisite skills for a learner to accurately respond. Previous research with humans and non...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.326
更新日期：2018-05-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Aversive shocks are known to produce aggression when the shocks are not dependent on behavior and to suppress behavior when the shocks are arranged as a dependent punisher. These two processes were studied by presenting non-dependent shock to monkeys at regular intervals, thereby producing biting attacks on a pneumati...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1970.14-7
更新日期：1970-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Experiments on single, multiple, and concurrent schedules of reinforcement find various correlations between the rate of responding and the rate or magnitude of reinforcement. For concurrent schedules (i.e., simultaneous choice procedures), there is matching between the relative frequencies of responding and reinforce...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243
更新日期：1970-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Grain was briefly presented to food-deprived pigeons intermittently and response-independently except during signaled timeouts. During Experiment 1, key pecks postponed the next timeout for a specified interval. Rates of pecking during time in were inversely related to the length of time pecking postponed the next tim...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1983.40-153
更新日期：1983-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In two experiments, key pecking of pigeons was maintained by a variable-interval 180-s schedule of food presentation. Conjointly, a second schedule delivered response-dependent electric shock. In the first experiment, shocks were presented according to either a variable-interval or a nondifferential interval-percentil...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1992.58-361
更新日期：1992-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Previous research has shown that Lewis rats make more impulsive choices than Fischer 344 rats. Such strain-related differences in choice are important as they may provide an avenue for exploring genetic and neurochemical contributions to impulsive choice. The present systematic replication was designed to determine if...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2008.90-333
更新日期：2008-11-01 00:00:00
abstract：:The joint control of rate of key pecking in pigeons by stimulus-reinforcer and response-reinforcer relationships was studied in the context of a two-component multiple schedule of reinforcement. Food presentation was always associated with one component and extinction with the other. The stimulus-reinforcer relationsh...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1977.28-133
更新日期：1977-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Murray Sidman's book, Tactics of Scientific Research: Evaluating Experimental Data in Psychology, published in 1960, has been called the bible of the experimental analysis of behavior and has been a major influence on basic as well as applied research in behavior analysis. The contents of the early reviews of the book...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.645
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Sidman et al.'s (1982) failure to find evidence for symmetry (bidirectional associations between stimuli) in monkeys and baboons set the stage for decades of work on emergent relations in nonhumans. They attributed the failure to the use of procedures that did not (1) promote stimulus control based on the relation bet...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.647
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Newly hatched ducklings were exposed to imprinting procedures and subsequently trained to peck a key by presenting the imprinting stimulus as the reinforcing (response-contingent) event. Individual ducklings then lived in the apparatus under an arrangement in which each peck produced a 15-sec stimulus presentation. Fo...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1967.10-495
更新日期：1967-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Three pigeons, previously trained to discriminate different numbers of responses (fixed ratios), were tested under different reinforcement contingencies (payoff matrices) at two levels of sensitivity. For one subject, relative reinforcement magnitude was varied-at first, across sessions and then, at midsession by reve...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1978.30-69
更新日期：1978-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Male and female college students answered standard questions about the women's liberation movement on three occasions. A set of target words was embedded in the questions, with one set used in Sessions 1 and 3, and a synonymous, but different set used in Session 2. The relative frequencies of usage of a given target w...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1978.30-213
更新日期：1978-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:In behavior analysis, research on stimulus equivalence has been an area of high activity for more than 45 years. Murray Sidman's contribution was crucial in the development of this field, and, thus, it seems informative to highlight the experiments that were necessary in the development of the descriptive model of equ...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1002/jeab.663
更新日期：2021-01-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Four experiments were conducted with pigeons to assess the experimental conditions necessary for the occurrence of resurgence. The general procedure consisted of the following conditions: Condition 1--reinforcement of key pecking; Condition 2--reinforcement of treadle pressing and concurrent extinction of key pecking;...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.2003.80-217
更新日期：2003-09-01 00:00:00
abstract：:Rats were trained to criterion in successive reversals of a classically conditioned heart-rate discrimination. Criterion was attained more rapidly in the later reversals in the series than in the early reversals and the inter-problem learning curve was of the same general form as that found with successive instrumenta...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1968.11-199
更新日期：1968-03-01 00:00:00
abstract：:A discrete-trials adjusting-delay procedure was used to investigate the conditions under which pigeons might show a preference for partial reinforcement over 100% reinforcement, an effect reported in a number of previous experiments. A peck on a red key always led to a delay with red houselights and then food. In each...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1996.66-63
更新日期：1996-07-01 00:00:00
abstract：:This study employed a stimulus-class rating procedure to explore whether stimulus equivalence and stimulus generalization can combine to promote the formation of open-ended categories incorporating cross-modal stimuli. A pretest of simple auditory discrimination indicated that subjects (college students) could discrim...
journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior
pub_type： 杂志文章
doi：10.1901/jeab.1998.70-267
更新日期：1998-11-01 00:00:00
