A procedure for studying echoic control in verbal behavior.

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to peck with differing force requirements on a key specially designed to measure and control force of pecking without changes in the mechanical threshold. Following training on a key illuminated by a single wavelength, a generalization test was given. Force and rate gradients were obtained. Force ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： COLE JL

更新日期：1965-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two pigeons were trained to peck a key under a free-operant avoidance schedule. Then, changes in key color signalled the beginning (safe period) and the end (warning period) of the response-shock interval, with a response required to change the key color. Finally, a change in key color signalled the warning period and...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： De Moraes AB,Todorov JC

更新日期：1977-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Superstitions were demonstrated with human subjects when presses on one button were reinforced on a VI 30-sec schedule while presses on a second were never reinforced. Superstitious responding, on the second button, was often maintained because presses on that button were frequently followed by reinforcement for a sub...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： CATANIA AC,CUTTS D

更新日期：1963-04-01 00:00:00

abstract：:In a conjoint schedule, reinforcement is available simultaneously on two or more schedules for the same response. The present experiments provided food for key pecking on both a random-interval and a differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule. Experiment 1 involved ordinary DRL schedules; Experiment 2 added...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zeiler MD,Blakely TF

更新日期：1983-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:An implementation of punishment in the evolutionary theory of behavior dynamics is proposed, and is applied to responding on concurrent schedules of reinforcement with superimposed punishment. In this implementation, punishment causes behaviors to mutate, and to do so with a higher probability in a lean reinforcement ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McDowell JJ,Klapes B

更新日期：2019-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The hypothesis that mesolimbic dopamine is selectively involved in cocaine reinforcement was investigated in the rat. Animals were trained under a multiple schedule in which responding was reinforced by intravenous cocaine (0.75 mg/kg/injection) or food (45-mg pellets) under fixed-ratio 15 schedule requirements in alt...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Caine SB,Koob GF

更新日期：1994-03-01 00:00:00

abstract：:When humans predict criterion events based on probabilistic predictors, they often lend excessive weight to the predictor and insufficient weight to the base rate of the criterion event. In an operant analysis, using a matching-to-sample paradigm, Goodie and Fantino (1996) showed that humans exhibit base-rate neglect ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Kutzner F,Freytag P,Vogel T,Fiedler K

更新日期：2008-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Three groups of pigeons were trained with a modified discriminative autoshaping procedure to discriminate video images of other pigeons on the basis of movement. Birds of all groups were shown the same video images of other pigeons, which were either moving or still. The group to whom food was presented only after mov...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Dittrich WH,Lea SE

更新日期：1993-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats trained to lever press on a fixed-interval limited-hold avoidance schedule maintained a pattern of responding similar to that maintained by fixed-interval limited-hold schedules of positive reinforcement. But this positively accelerated pattern of behavior was maintained only when the occurrence of reinforcement ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Black RE,Walters GC,Webster CD

更新日期：1972-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Optimal decision criterion placement maximizes expected reward and requires sensitivity to the category base rates (prior probabilities) and payoffs (costs and benefits of incorrect and correct responding). When base rates are unequal, human decision criterion is nearly optimal, but when payoffs are unequal, suboptima...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Maddox WT

更新日期：2002-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were exposed to four cycles per session of a multiple schedule in which each cycle involved twelve 60-sec fixed intervals followed by four 180-sec intervals [(12 FI 60-sec)(4 FI 180-sec) schedule]. Post-reinforcement pauses were shorter during the first few short intervals of each cycle than during later short...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Staddon JE

更新日期：1969-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The present study investigated the effects of positive and negative GABA(A) modulators under three different baselines of repeated acquisition in squirrel monkeys in which the monkeys acquired a three-response sequence on three keys under a second-order fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of food reinforcement. In two of these ...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Campbell UC,Winsauer PJ,Stevenson MW,Moerschbaecher JM

更新日期：2004-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rats were trained on a successive discrete-trial discrimination between two tonal stimuli to examine the effects of availability of a lever during intertrial intervals. In the discrete-trial condition, in which a lever was removed from the chamber during intertrial intervals, 10-s trials were initiated by the presenta...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Hachiya S,Ito M

更新日期：1991-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Each of 2 monkeys typically earned their daily food ration by depositing tokens in one of two slots. Tokens deposited in one slot dropped into a bin where they were kept (token kept). Deposits to a second slot dropped into a bin where they could be obtained again (token returned). In Experiment 1, a fixed-ratio (FR) 5...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Widholm JJ,Silberberg A,Hursh SR,Imam AA,Warren-Boulton FR

更新日期：2001-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Rodent models have been especially useful for investigating adolescent ethanol exposure. However, there is a paucity of studies examining sex differences in behavioral intoxication from adolescent ethanol drinking. Here, we used an ethanol drinking model to investigate if adolescent rats of both sexes readily drink et...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Westbrook SR,Kang M,Sherrill LK,O'Hearn D,Krishnamani T,Gulley JM

更新日期：2018-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Naive rats were trained to respond on one lever in the presence of noise bursts from one speaker and on a second lever in the presence of noise bursts from a second speaker. The speakers were mounted behind the levers. When responding on the lever adjacent to the sounding speaker was reinforced, control developed with...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harrison JM

更新日期：1979-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:The effects of patch encounter rate on patch choice and meal patterns were studied in rats foraging in a laboratory environment offering two patch types that were encountered sequentially and randomly. The cost of procuring access to one patch was greater than the other. Patches were either encountered equally often o...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Collier G,Johnson DF,Berman J

更新日期：1998-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were trained to detect differences in light intensity. Two stimuli, S1 and S2, differing in intensity, were arranged on the center key of a three-key chamber according to set probabilities. A peck on the center key turned on the two side keys. When S1 was presented on the center key, a peck on the left ke...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： McCarthy D,Davison M

更新日期：1979-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Choice between a signalled shock schedule and an unsignalled one was examined at various shock intensities. Three rats were given the opportunity to change from the unsignalled schedule to the signalled one at intensity values between 0.15 mA and 1.0 mA. Steps were usually 0.15 mA and both ascending and descending ser...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Harsh J,Badia P

更新日期：1975-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two pigeons were trained to perform discrimination tasks along two dimensions, wavelength of a circular spot of light and orientation of a white line. Discriminability among stimuli along these dimensions was established for both subjects by means of a steady state testing procedure. The two dimensions were then combi...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Zuckerman DC

更新日期：1973-09-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Escape responses of squirrel monkeys were reinforced according to a fixed-ratio schedule. The reinforcement was a period of safety from a stimulus that signalled the delivery of intermittent pain-shocks. When the frequency of shock was gradually reduced, the performance remained at a high level until the shocks were q...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： AZRIN NH,HOLZ WC,HAKE DF,AYLLON T

更新日期：1963-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Parallel experiments with rats and pigeons examined reasons for previous findings that in choices with probabilistic delayed reinforcers, rats' choices were affected by the time between trials whereas pigeons' choices were not. In both experiments, the animals chose between a standard alternative and an adjusting alte...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Mazur JE,Biondi DR

更新日期：2011-01-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Is a conditioned aversive stimulus necessary in avoidance conditioning? Or is a reduction in the rate of aversive stimulation alone sufficient to generate and maintain an avoidance response? Rats were subjected to an avoidance procedure in which shocks occurred randomly in time, but a response could reduce the overall...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Herrnstein RJ,Hineline PN

更新日期：1966-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Two experiments investigated the effect of observing responses that enabled college students to emit more efficient distributions of reinforced responses. In Experiment 1, the gains of response efficiency enabled by observing were minimized through use of identical low-effort response requirements in two alternating v...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Case DA,Fantino E,Wixted J

更新日期：1985-05-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Data were obtained with rats on the effects of interresponse time contingent reinforcement of the lever press response using schedules in which interresponse times falling within either of two temporal intervals could be reinforced. Some of the findings were (a) the mode of the interresponse time distribution generall...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Malott RW,Cumming WW

更新日期：1966-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Pigeons were trained to respond on a multiple variable-interval 1-min variable-interval 1-min schedule, then switched to a multiple variable-interval 1-min differential-reinforcement-of-other-behavior discrimination training. The rate of reinforcement was held constant during the shift from non-differential reinforcem...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Weisman RG

更新日期：1970-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Five pigeons were exposed to an unsignalled avoidance procedure where key pecks were maintained through shock postponement. Functions obtained showed an inverse relationship between rate of responding and length of the response-shock interval, while changes in the shock-shock interval had no systematic effect on respo...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Todorov JC,Ferrari EA,De Souza DG

更新日期：1974-07-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Eight alligators were trained to escape heat by traversing an 8-ft runway containing right or left approaches to a water tank. All subjects were run until they had satisfied three criteria of stable response time, after which the predominant escape path was blocked, requiring discrimination reversal. Seven subjects ag...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Davidson RS

更新日期：1966-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Four pigeons received pre-training that included presentation of the reinforcer independently of behavior and then baseline training on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement. With the introduction of a multiple schedule, in which the first stimulus was associated with a response contingent and a second stimulu...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Halliday MS,Boakes RA

更新日期：1971-11-01 00:00:00

abstract：:Experiment I investigated the effects of reinforcer magnitude on differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate (DRL) schedule performance in three phases. In Phase 1, two groups of rats (n = 6 and 5) responded under a DRI. 72-s schedule with reinforcer magnitudes of either 30 or 300 microl of water. After acquisition, the wa...

journal_title：Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

authors： Doughty AH,Richards JB

更新日期：2002-07-01 00:00:00